Trends in Religious Intolerance Cases in Indonesia: Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review

¹ Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
² Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
³ Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

^一 Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Religious intolerance in Indonesia remains a critical issue in sociology of religion, socio-politics, and public policy, particularly amid the rise of identity politics and religious conservatism over the past decade. This study aims to map the development of scientific research on religious intolerance in Indonesia through a bibliometric approach and systematic literature review. Data were collected from the Scopus database between 2010 and 2025 using relevant keywords such as "religious intolerance", "religious discrimination", "religious fanaticism" and "religious xenophobia". Analysis was conducted using Bibliometrix R and VOSviewer software to identify publication trends, scientific collaboration networks, dominant keywords, and publishing institutions. The analysis results show a significant increase in the number of publications since 2016, especially after public cases such as the criminalization of Ahmadiyah and cases of blasphemy by public officials. Dominant themes in the literature include discrimination against religious minorities, the role of the state in tolerating or facilitating intolerance, and civil society resistance to regulations that restrict religious freedom. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating bibliometric findings and contextual analysis to produce more applicable knowledge. Policy relevance is reflected in more concrete recommendations, including educational reform to strengthen the values of pluralism, increased legal protection for minority groups, and regulation of digital space to curb the spread of religiously motivated hate speech.