Music and movement : A comparative study between the BAPNE and Suzuki Methods

The aim of this article is to compare the Suzuki and BAPNE methods based on bibliography published for both approaches. In the field of musical and instrumental education and especially for the childhood stage, the correct use of the body and voice are of fundamental importance. These two methods differ from one another; one principally musical and instrumental, which is the Suzuki method, and one non-musical, the BAPNE method, which aims at stimulating attention, concentration, memory and the executing function of the pupil through music and body percussion. Comparing different approaches may provide teachers with a useful insight for facing different issues related to their discipline.


Introduction
In the field of music teaching the comparison between different methodologies takes up great importance.New teaching strategies and contributions can be found through the knowledge of different musical methods and their comparison, highlighting their pros and cons.Use of movement in music teaching has become, lately, a very important and recognized aspect for the dynamism and the contribution in terms of involvement in learning which it may offer.The BAPNE and the SUZUKI methods both have evident elements of connection with the use of movement in learning music.Specifically body percussion offers elements of considerable educational interest [13].The author has attended the Suzuki rhythm education courses and since 2011 has been teaching this method in various schools.She has also attended the Suzuki contrabass education courses and since 2013 has been teaching for this instrument following this method.Since 2014 she has been attending the BAPNE education courses.
a Corresponding author: elisademunari@hotmail.com For comparison purposes the author has made use of the model provided by the article by Ana Lucia Frega and by Giorgio Cozzutti [1].The parameters analyzed are various, among which the most relevant are: use of harmony and melody, use of the body, flow, laterality, creativity.These parameters therefore also include aspects which are not only musical, to gain a broader view of both methods.At the moment there are no comparative studies on Bapne and Suzuki methods.
In the Suzuki method there are some aspects which are not taken into consideration by BAPNE.They involve the focused use of musical elements for instrumental preparation and especially aimed at the development of fine mobility.The structure is defined and proceeds from the global, with a predominant use of the body, to the analytic and abstract.
At the same time there are some specific aspects which belong to the BAPNE method which cannot be found in Suzuki: the movement in space associated to singing is systematic and progressive [2] there is a lot of practice in polyrhythmics, work is always developed in a circle layout to allow for greater integration of the participants, cognitive stimulation, which is constant and progressive, is supported by scientific studies.The study on laterality is very present in the BAPNE method.It is based on studies on the psycho-physiological perspective and psycho-biological of the body percussion, the cognitive theories and principles and techniques of reinforcement and compensation in a conductive view.

Aesthetic position
Western tonal music, especially of the Baroque and classicist period.Aimed at training a performer, for this reason improvisation is not practiced much.
The method refers to african principles and values.It uses traditional musical material and tends towards self-expression and cognitive stimulation.

Materials used
Child-sized professional instruments (violin, cello, guitar), use of small rhythmic instruments to help rhythmic learning, use of the body functional to the instrument.(rhythmic and gestural choreographies) Only the use of the body for the majority of the activities.

Musical language and ear training
Tonal, works a lot on colour and dynamics of sound (forte, piano, vibrato, staccato, legato, intensity, height, duration), on melody, harmony, form, rhythm.The child immediately learns the pieces as a professional performer The method does not contemplate the learning of musical language at a generic level, at a specific level it offers strategies for the acquisition of rhythmic values.

Use of musical notation
The child must memorize everything.Reading is only introduced later, rhythmic first and then on the pentagram Musical notation (rhythmic) is used to help in the conduction of the exercises, in connection with figures of the human body which identify the movements to be carried out.Melodic notation is also present for the songs used.

Suggestion s as to actual
Listening, singing, performance with the instrument, if necessary on the body, use of fine hand movements.
Listening, singing and movement are always developed in connection with the suggested songs.
There is no connection with the musical instrument. ,

Flow status
No reference is made to the flow status Reference to flux status (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) and work in circles and concentric circles with specific reference to the production of hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol in the opposition of different types of work.

Attention
There is no specific reference.The method nonetheless is based on specific activities which each teacher develops to maintain and develop the attention of the child For each activity the different developed attentions are indicated, sustained alternating and selective.

Memory
All pieces are learnt by heart.There is no specific difference between short term memory and long term memory For each activity the typology of developed memory is indicated, short or long term.
Laterality use of hands and feet combined, alternated, dissociated, differentiation between right hand (arc) and left (instrument) starting from age 3 It is constantly developed with specific exercises and games particularly with reference to biomechanical planes and the parietal lobe, especially concerning somatic-sensorial laterality.

Discussion and Conclusion
There are some points in common and of difference between the two disciplines which can be elements of integration finalized towards a possible development of single methodologies.

Learning process
The Suzuki method is based on imitation and work is carried out frontally.It may be integrated with the BAPNE method in which 4 different processes of learning are provided: imitation, inverse and reverse reaction, real time signalling and variable circular coordination.The activities in this method are carried out in pairs, double line, circle and double concentric circle.

Use of melody-harmony
In Suzuki the melodic forms are limited to the classical and partially folk repertoire, but always tonal.It is interesting to integrate it with the use of the extraeuropean and modal repertoire carried out in BAPNE (Quarello-Pezzuto-Romero, 2014).In Suzuki work on the education of the musical ear is specifically carried out, both for melody and for harmony, while this does not take place in BAPNE.

Laterality
In BAPNE the two sides of the body are developed harmonically, trying to favour their integration [12].There is much attention to the personal story of each participant, in respect of their characteristics (left or right-handed).In Suzuki all is taught as right-handed.

Use of the body
In Suzuki melodic and harmonic senses, natural movement and sense of rhythm are developed.Much work is done on fine mobility connected to the use of the instrument motility in connection with the use of the instrument.In BAPNE movement is developed with the objective of polymetric and improvising use in a cognitive, socio-emotional, psycho-motor and neuro-rehabilitating view.

Affective-psychological foundations
Suzuki works on the teacher-mother-son triangle, trying to favour the harmonic development of the relationship.Furthermore with the orchestral lessons there is an attempt to develop the collaborative and cooperative sense of the child.In BAPNE work is done in a group, favouring integration, respect, sense of community.The Suzuki method is essentially a musical method aimed at teaching instrumental practice, principally based on imitation and on a shared melodic repertoire.The BAPNE method has the objective of cognitive, socio-emotional, psycho-motor and neurorehabilitating stimulation through the use of body percussion and spoken, thought, recited and sung voice.The comparison between these two clearly different methodologies, in goals and modalities may be an interesting instrument of growth drawing lines along which both methods can be developed.

Table 1 .
Comparison between the two methods