Research on the Fundamentals of Architectural Restoration Associate Degree Program

Today, the effects of globalization can be easily seen in many areas in the world. In the changing process, both Architectural education and side branches need various updates. The "Architectural Restoration Program", which is one of these branches of Architectural education, aims to provide to the sector “Technicians” and educates “Architect Candidates”. The "Architectural Restoration Associate Degree Program" is a two year degree. In this context, the importance of this program's course curriculums is great. The Program is aimed to train qualified technical personnel for cultural assets that are common heritage of mankind which must be transferred to future generations. Program’s graduates work in the laboratories, on the construction site and office, in the archaeological excavation, as a technical staff with architects. In this study, the relationship between “Architectural Education” and the basic objectives of the “Architectural Restoration Program” is examined. In this study, various Turkish and American universities' "Architectural Restoration Program" module details will be subject for a further examination and evaluation


Introduction
In the field of architecture and urbanization, the effects of globalization are affecting our historic cities [3].Different courses and information are needed in both architectural education and education of side branches.The "Architectural Restoration Program", guiding the future of the historic cities, is an important program in the field of architecture sciences.This program educates architect candidates as well as bringing in technical engineers with two years of education.In this context, the importance of the curriculum that will be included in this program is great.
In Turkey, Architectural Restoration Program is located in the Vocational School."Architecture and Urban Planning Departments" also provides training as an associate degree program.At the end of the Architectural Restoration program, students graduate with the title of "technician".In general, the aim of the Architectural Restoration Program is to educate qualified technical personnel for cultural assets that are a common heritage of mankind and must be passed on to future generations.Our aim is that after graduating from https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184801063ERPA 2018 this program students will be able to work in the laboratories, on the construction sites, in the archaeological excavation teams, as a technical staff.Over the two years of training, the student will learn a large number of different field lessons.
Scope of research; • Four situations (Associate Degree Programs Architectural Restoration) were examined in the Turkey and Worldwide.

Fundamental Points of Architectural Restoration Program
Architectural restoration programs offer academic curriculum that ranges from restoration methods and conservation theory to courses designed to allow students to learn various trades used in preserving historical heritage.Techniques learned in the class and the field labs are then practiced on real preservation projects.These programs are aimed to teach students the basic professional acquisitions that are used to preserve and restore historic heritages.Architectural Restoration Program's outcomes are to have a thorough understanding of historic preservation theory and be able to apply that theory in real life situations.Moreover, at the end of the program students will be able to understand the materials and the basic concepts behind the techniques used in the conservation of historic buildings and will be able to carry out those methods when necessary.Graduates of this program will be capable to work successfully in the business environment, develop an effective work ethic and make quality workmanship.
The title of Architectural Restoration Technician requires some technical skills.Graduated students can draw in both modern and traditional architecture.Graduated students can take part in the restoration and restitution projects and applications.They will be able to support the architect and engineer in need.In other words, they will contribute to the field of architecture.
Architecture; Due to its close relationship with technology, engineering, science and art, and because it has many disciplines, it needs a common language.In architecture this language is drawings.It is necessary to know this language both in the field of architecture and in the Architectural Restoration Associate Degree Program.The most important courses that develop the language of drawing in Architecture, Interior Architecture, Planning and Design fields are the courses called "Technical Drawing, Perspective, Space Geometry and Design Geometry.The architectural restoration associate degree program consists of four semesters.
Two-year architectural restoration programs are similar in terms of course content and programs.However, in some universities, the "workplace practice internship", which has become widespread in recent years, has entered the curriculum.There are about six fields in the program. (

Construction courses (theoretical and practical): Traditional construction technique, structure, building material and details, etc.
Explanation of building techniques in Turkish Architecture has been made by examining and drawing civil and monumental constructions.Monumental and civil structures inform about historical and traditional construction systems and building elements.These structures are demonstrated to the students.Traditional wood, carcass and masonry construction systems, materials and structural systems are taught.Additionally, drawing of plans, sections, facades and details of these constructions is taught.Introductions of building materials and application information are taught to the students.Doors, windows, etc and their decorative details are introduced to the students.These building elements are taught drawing.The technical drawing is a language using special lines and symbols.It provides a common language and a communication between architects, engineers and other technical staff.
In this respect, it is necessary that every technical person who will take part in the production has learned the technical drawing rules and methods.Nonetheless, technical drawings, facilitates mutual understanding and ensures regular production [2].In these lectures, drawing tools, basic drawing techniques and architectural project drawings are taught theoretically and practically.Having said that, the program seeks to introduce the leading computer aided drawing programs and to teach computer usage during the architectural and restoration drawing.

Conservation and restoration (theoretical): Historical sites, cultural heritages, restoration and conservation, etc.
The importance of environmental protection in the word, its definition, development process and legislation of conservation are taught in these courses.By introducing rural heritage, traditional heritage and archaeological heritage, contemporary problems are evaluated.Cultural assets in national and international scale, factors causing deterioration in monuments, types of deterioration are taught.During the restoration work, before and after the completion of the work phases, the principles of intervention for protection are exemplified.https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184801063ERPA 2018 Measurement techniques are taught theoretically and practically in the courses.Students, separated into groups, are asked to measure the historical monuments or the heritages.Drawings were made in scale.That said, students are taught restitution and restoration projects and preparation techniques.

History courses (theoretical): Art, architecture and civilization history, etc.
In these lectures, the developments of styles, architecture and urban planning related to Islam and later are explained from prehistoric times.European and Western civilization, architectural and urban planning progress is explained.Monumental and civil architectural heritages; architectural plan and facades schemes, usage typology, material, construction technique are examined.Archaeological heritages, Ottoman architecture, European, World architecture, their development processes and features are explained.

Conservation and restoration (theoretical and practical): Building conservation technique, etc.
In these lessons, firstly the traditional production techniques are explained.Conservation methods, terracotta works, glass and metal works are taught.The principles and methods to be followed in conservation and restoration of cultural assets are informed.The program includes theoretical and practical courses such as "stone and metal technology", "mosaic construction techniques", architectural ornament and repair", "stone and facade cleaning", "conservation and restoration methods".

Others Courses
All courses in this area improve the professional competences of students and at the same time courses contribute to the general cultural knowledge of the student.All samples were evaluated using AKTS rate.

Example 1: Yildiz Technical University, National Palaces and Historical Buildings Vocational School, Architectural Restoration Program, Istanbul, Turkey
The purpose of the Architectural Restoration Program is to provide vocational education on national and international criteria in Yildiz Technical University.The program trains Mimar Sinan Fine Art University, Vocational School educates technical staff to prepare the restoration, restitution and restoration projects of old buildings in the country.The Architectural Restoration Program, which was established to train qualified personnel who will take part in restoration workshops of the constructions, practice lessons as well as theoretical training [8].
Courses (AKTS):  These colleges provide an affordable way for students to transfer to a four-year college and a bachelor's degree.Many students complete the first two years of their bachelor's degree at these colleges and then transfer to a four-year-school to finish.A typical choice is to get an Associate of Arts or an Associate of Science degree [6,7].

Conclusions
It is undeniable that today's constructions are produced with an understanding that does not match the structural and spatial character of the traditional architecture of our country.At the same time, traditional building trades and crafts professions are disappearing.Technicians cannot be found in restoration construction.In this context, Architectural Restoration Associate Degree schools are important for the protection of our Cultural Heritages.
Since the graduates of this program work as technicians with the architects and the civil engineers, courses and internships given within this program are very important.In addition, learning to apply from local building masters will contribute to the maintenance of the disappearing professions.Traditional building craftsmen will be educated.At the same time, courses and the scope of the program are important because students who want to continue their academic career can pass to the Architecture or Interior Architecture (etc.)departments of their university.
Within the scope of the study, courses of the architectural restoration program have been researched.Courses required for the development of the "Architectural Restoration Associate Degree Program" have been examined.It is observed that curriculum includes "Drawing Courses, Building Constructions Courses, Conservation Technique Courses, History of Civilization-Art-Architecture Courses And Historical Heritages Courses" in the curriculum.Notwithstanding, in some universities, the internship lasts for one semester, while in some universities it is done as a summer internship.It is observed that the courses in "Preservation, Restoration, Technical Conservation and Methods" often take place in the curriculum in the Architectural Restoration Associate Degree Programs.However, it seems that the number of courses related to the "History of Architecture", "History of Art", and "History of Civilization" should be increased in the curriculums of the programs.
It is important to understand the value of Cultural Heritages in order to develop conservation methods.Students studying in the Architectural Restoration Programs of the universities will guide the future of the architecture.In order to protect the Cultural

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Example 3: Belmount College The Building Preservation/Restoration Program, Cadiz, OH, USA (Associate of Applied Science Degree) Education offers a foundation in preservation theory and history together with an indepth technical analysis of why buildings and materials fail and explores traditional and modern approaches used to repair cultural heritages.Students have the chance to apply their theoretical course knowledge in though workshops in order to learn the fundamentals of restoration technique.Students also practice the techniques learned in the workshops on real-world preservation projects.Students work on the department's own historic field lab house and completing community based projects [6].The Building Preservation/Restoration Program Education [6] Courses (AKTS): 1.st Semester: Introduction to Historic Preservation (3 ), Architectural Drafting and Design (3), Materials and Methods of Construction (3 ), Composition 1, History of American Architecture 1 2.nd Semester: Historic Research and Documentation (2 ), History of American Architecture 2 (3), Restricted Elective(3), Material Science Elective(3), Math Elective(3) Summer Term: Field Lab Community Service (1), Material Science Elective (3) 3. rd Semester: Building Pathology (4), Speech (3), Field Lab.(1), Material Science Elective (3), Social Science Elective (3) 4.th Semester: Construction Management and Estimating (3), Chemistry for Conservation(3), Field Lab.(1), Material Science Elective (3), Social Science Elective (3), Restricted Elective (3) Summer Term: Capstone (2) Restricted Elective: Mechanical Systems (3), Windows and Doors (3), Roofing and Flooring (3), Specials Problems 1 (3), Directed Studies 1 (3) Materials Science Electives: Decorative Finishes (3), Masonry and Ceramics (3), Plaster and Composition (3), Metals (3), Stained Glass (3) Example 4: Clatsop Community College, Astoria, Oregon, USA (Associate of Applied Science Degree) Students learn function and performance characteristics of historic building materials, methods and sequence.Both modern and historic materials are examined.Students study tools and techniques for sketching and drafting for architecture, and improve communication skills for construction and restoration projects.They improve skills to document historic heritages and survey measured drawings [7].Courses (AKTS): 1.st Semester: Introduction to Historic Preservation (2), Construction Math (2), : Construction Safety for Historic Preservation (1), Printreading for Construction (3), • Basics of Architectural Undergraduate Education and Architectural Restoration Associate Education have been researched.• Objectives to be achieved in the training of Architectural Restoration Programs are discussed.

4 Architectural restoration programs examples in the World
State Historic Preservation Office Specialist" and continue their education.Architectural Restoration Associate Degrees are located in universities and colleges in America.Below is "Belmont College" and "Clatsop Community College"s "The Building Preservation /Restoration Program".It appears that the programs consist of 4 semesters.