Service Learning on Inclusive Design: Adaptive Home for Wheelchair-Using Persons with Disabilities

More than 1 000 000 000 people in the world live with disabilities, and 200 000 000 among them experience heavy functioning difficulties. Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) usually have limited economic participation, faced poverty and limited access to housing. Service Learning Program in Architecture Department (Inclusive Design Course) was created to answer the Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) needs. The course was supported by UBCHEA (https://unitedboard.org/) for the program of Service Learning of Inclusive Design for Homes and Schools in Surabaya and Bandung: Participatory Design and Campaign. It started with accessibility evaluation at PwDs’ residences (wheelchair users) in Surabaya. Simulation as PwDs in Petra Campus was also conducted to create empathy to wheelchair users. Later on, an inclusive-and-universal design was proposed. Three participatory workshops in Surabaya and Bandung were conducted to review it. The new design was produced to cater the wheelchair users. In conclusion, role play and participatory design process was the important key points of the program’s success.


Background
As in [1] highlighted that more than 1 000 000 000 people in the world live with different disabilities, of whom nearly 200 000 000 among them experience heavy functioning difficulties. Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) normally had poorer health outcomes, lower education achievements, less economic participation and higher rates of poverty than other people. Therefore, they faced difficulties to access the affordable and accessible housing.
A Service Learning Program on Inclusive Design was created in the Architecture Program to answer the needs of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) especially the housing aspect. UBCHEA (https://unitedboard.org/) supported the course in the program namely Service Learning of Inclusive Design for Homes and Schools in Surabaya and Bandung: Participatory Design and Campaign.
Housings for wheelchair users (Person with Disabilities/PwDs) were also observed generally by Hayati. The micro-house concept was widely present because of the PwDs' limited economical capacity and the expensive land price in Surabaya. The micro-house was accessible by wheelchair users in general area (such as living room and family room), but some other areas of the house are only visitable by them because of its spatial limitation.

Literature Review
Universal Design Standards, Inclusive Design and also Collaborative or Co-Design were discussed in several papers by Persson, et al. [2]; Bühler [3]; and Pirinen [4] as the methods to produce a more inclusive design in Architecture.
In [5] explains that Universal Design is applied to create a more viable building and community for all. Five main aspects of Universal Design are sustainability, marketability, affordability, security, and social interaction. They are summarized as home visitability. Visitability attempted to make a house more accessible through these three basic requirements: One zero-step entrance (either the front door, sideway door, or backdoor), 32 in (810 mm) doorway clearance and the corridors' clear width shall be at least 36 in (910 mm), and half of the bathroom has to be available in the main/ground floor. Some elements were standardized to help people with mobility impairment to either visit or live in the house.
First, the Entrance Unit (1006.2): at least one entrance unit should be on circulation path complying Section 1006.5 (Circulation Path) from a public street or sidewalk, dwelling unit driveway, or garage.
Connected and Interior Spaces (1006.3 & 1006.4): a circulation path (as complied on Section 1006.5) should connect the entrance unit located on the circulation path to the following spaces: an entrance level toilet/bathroom, an additional habitable space with an area 70 m 2 minimum, and food preparation area when provided on entrance level (complying with Section 1006.7.) Circulation Path (1006.5), The Components (1006.5.1): A circulation path should include one or more of the following elements, including: walking surface with a slope not steeper than 1:20, doorways, ramps, escalators, and elevators. Ramps (1006.5.4): Ramps should comply with Section 405.
Toilets or Bathrooms (1006.6): Toilets or bathrooms should comply with section 1006.4 (Interior Space) and cover the following features, namely lavatory and toilet, reinforcement and space clearance for future grab bars installation as wide as 455 mm (18 in) from the centerline of the toilet, lavatory (380 mm/15 in from the centerline of the toilet), space clearance at the toilet should meet/exceed minimum requirements.
Food Preparation Area (1006.7): When located at entrance level, the food preparation area should include a sink, cooking appliances, and fridge. Clearances between opposing cabinets, countertops, appliances, and walls within the food preparation area should be wider than 40 in (1015 mm).
Lighting Controls and Receptacle Outlets (1006.8): The centerline of receptacle outlets and operable control parts should be placed at least 15 in (380 mm) and not more than 48 in (1220 mm) above the finishing floor.
The standard accessible designs are vital in designing a home for people with disability. However, the application of the designs should also consider the needs of the users, social and economic conditions, and the construction of the existing buildings. These standards were also supported by Nickson [6] and Pike, et.al. [7].
On the other hand, some standard were prescribed by D'Souza, et.al. [8] on knee and toe clearances for wheelchair users. Adequate clearance space under table or tops to the floor was important. Therefore, wheelchair users can approach it close enough without any obstacles. Such clearance space was critical when there are elements like bathroom sinks, kitchen countertops etc.

Methodology
The Service Learning Course on Inclusive Design was started with literature review of the wheelchair users. The documentation of the Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) spectrum in schools (including teachers with disabilities, students with disabilities) was started with database and interviews. Unfortunately, only some PwDs willing to answer the questions in the interviews. The PwDs were reluctant to be documented because of their sensitivity towards the issue. They would like to participate during the process but rejected the data collection.
After understanding the universal design standard, the students were guided to document and evaluate the accessibility of the wheelchair user's residence (Mr. Abdul Syakur). He was a teacher in Special School for Children with Disability (YPAC) in Surabaya. Unfortunately, his home was found as partially unaccessible (for PwDs), therefore it should be redesigned.
Thirdly, the PCU students were asked to simulate as PwDs in Petra to empathize with the wheelchair users. Later on, a design was prepared based on the inclusive and universal design theories. Three participatory design workshops in Surabaya and Bandung were conducted to review the design. And that new design was produced to cater the accessibility of Mr Syakur that represents the PwDs with wheelchair. In conclusion, role play and participatory design process was the important key points of the program's success.
Lastly, Creative Campaign for Universal Design application in Surabaya were conducted, comprising of: the distribution of Living in Dignity book which contained PwDs homes design, bulletin of PwDs rights, artistic event and exhibition. The Creative Campaign were conducted in Petra Christian University and in a Surabaya Memory event in Grand City Mall. The events were held with the support of General Education Department (Departemen Mata Kuliah Umum/DMU) and Petra Christian University Library (the Library@Petra). The campaign happened to be successful in promoting the rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) especially in housing and education sector to Surabaya's people in general and PCU's Community specifically [9].

Results and discussion
The results of the design prescribed a 51 m 2 home (on 91 m 2 lot). The house that became the case study's object was adopted from a housing in the suburban area of Sidoarjo which was developed by Jaya Land. The PwDs' homes were normally located around this area because of its affordable land price.
The proposed home consisted of a front garden, front porch, living room, master bedroom, child's bedroom, kitchen and dining room, bathroom and a backyard. The house could accommodate four persons (Mr. Abdul Syakur, his wife, and his two children). The smaller house was prescribed in responds to the needs of PwDs who have a limited economic capability.

Fig. 7. Floor plan.
Design principles were implemented to the wheelchair user's house, according to [10] such as: i) User Centered principle was implemented through interviews, discussions, and workshops with Mr. Abdul Syakur. ii) Equitable but Reasonable Use principle was implemented with the steeper leveling and accessible pathways and doors. Several ramps were provided with the level of 1:20, which means every 10 cm height difference, 200 cm length ramp was provided. The 100 cm width ramp was provided. The furniture were designed for wheelchair users' reaching range. Additional wheelchair rotation space were provided in the kitchen and tables. The windows' height were adjusted from 0.6 m to 2.1 m to facilitate wheelchair users viewing range. iii) Simple and Intuitive Use principle was implemented by the linear circulation space, to provide a simple and easy accessibility for wheelchair users. iv) Low Physical Effort principle was implemented by the selection of lightweight materials for sliding doors. Besides that, the furnitures such as dining tables, kitchen tables, and desks were designed with consideration of the wheelchair users' reaching range. The tables' height were designed to be 80 cm, while the bed was designed with 50 cm height. The wardrobe for wheelchair users were designed ranging from 0.2 m to 1.2 m in its height. Meanwhile the rest of the storage could be used for other nondisability users. The windows were designed with 60 cm height for wheelchair users's comfortable viewing activity. And the sockets and switches were provided on 1.1 m height. Bathroom's railing, adjustable shower head, water tap were additional features that were aligned with this principle. v) Prohibition of Usage Error principle was implemented with the furnitures, which was designed with rounded edges. Anti-slip ceramics, railings in the bathroom, as well as the steady furniture were also taken into account. Detailed explanation of the design were prescribed in the following paragraphs.
The front garden (size of 4 m by 3 m) was provided to ensure the cooling effect within the home. Meanwhile, 3.85 m by 3 m backyard was also provided to ensure the home's cross ventilation, while also providing space for relaxing activities and drying clothes.
The house's porch and parking lot (3 m by 5 m) was also established. The front porch was designed with anti-slip natural stone. There are no elevation difference inside the house. Ten-cm level difference was present between interior and the parking lot, and it was facilitated with ramp (1:20).
Open-plan Family Room was designed to facilitate the clear pathway. The linear circulation with 1.10 m width was created for wheelchair user movement. The room was also designed with anti-slip ceramics. Height-adjustable furnitures with 80 cm height and rounded edges were provided to ensure users safety. Spaces for turning wheelchair were also provided.
The dining area was equipped with wooden dining table (with the dimension of 1 m × 1.3 m by 82 cm height). The television was placed close to the dining table for users' social interaction. Because of the wheelchair users' limited reach, switches and sockets (with protectors) were placed at 1.1 m height. And the switches were located in the central area near master bedroom for easier lighting control.
In the kitchen area, the kitchen set for storing cooking utensils was provided for nondisability persons. But all kitchen tabletop was designed to be accessible by the PwDs with its 80 cm height, rounded edges, and there are also spaces for wheelchair users. The Lshaped kitchen was selected for more spacious space and wheelchair accessibility. The kitchen was located close to the backyard, in order to create a better ventilation and lighting. Exhaust fan was also prepared to extract cooking fumes and smokes.
The master bedroom were designed with the size of 3.15 m by 3.85 m, and its circulation corridor was 1.5 m. The room were equipped with a bed, wardrobe, and a working desk. The light, 90 cm width wooden sliding door was also provided here. The door knob with 90cm height was catered for the accessibility of wheelchair users. The antislip ceramic was also applied in the room. Besides that, the window (which has lower height) was provided to facilitate the wheelchair users so they can enjoy the backyard view.
The Children's Bedroom was set with the size of 2.3 m by 3.85 m. There is no difference in elevation level from the living room to the child's bedroom. Similar light, wooden sliding door with a door knob was also provided. The furnitures in this room were a bed, a wardrobe and a desk. Windows and ventilations were provided for air circulation and natural lighting of the room.
The bathroom was provided with total area of 2 m by 3 m. It was designed to be divided into two sections: the dry area and the wet area (shower area). Clothes and towel hangers were located near the door. There was a 36 cm ramp for 3 cm level difference between the bathroom and external areas. Besides that, a light, 1 m width plastic sliding door was provided in the bathroom. Among the bathroom perimeter, railings were installed with 70 cm height. The edge of the railings were designed with rounded shapes. The light switch for the toilet was placed outside of the bathroom. High window as the sidelight was also provided to facilitate healthier air quality. The wheeled shower chair was also provided (40 cm by 40 cm). Meanwhile, the shower head was designed to be adjustable between 1.1 m to 2.1 m. The shower could be controlled with lever tap.         The wheelchair user's home design showed that visitable home could be designed within limited land area. With a well-planned material selection and innovation, this home design also meant to be more affordable for the PwDs family to acquire.

Conclusion
Housing for Persons with Disabilities issue became mandatory because of Indonesian Act no 8 Year 2016, on Persons with Disabilities (UU no 8 tahun 2016, tentang Penyandang Disabilitas) [11] was gazetted. The regulation actually ensured the rights for accessible housing in Section 8 on privacy rights of PwDs (Pasal 8 Hak tentang privasi untuk Penyandang Disabilitas), Section 23 on rights for PwDs to live indepently (Pasal 23 tentang Hak hidup secara mandiri dan dilibatkan dalam masyarakat), and Section 97 & 98 on infrastructure provision especially for housing for PwDs (Pasal 97 tentang Penyediaan infrastruktur termasuk bangunan gedung atau hunian yang aksesibel). Therefore the accessible housing provision should be supported by Municipality and Provincial Government, with collaboration from all stakeholders. The existing regulation also could be adjusted to the latest universal design standards and researchs adopted from developed countries, meanwhile innovation on design and material application should be pursued for affordability aspect.