GLOBALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION: THE FORMATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

Future of the global economy depends more and more on possibilities and restrictions of innovative development. In the classical interpretation economic development is limited by non-renewable nature of a significant part of the natural resource potential and assimilation abilities of the environment. In opposition, it's safe to say that the impact of innovative-technological factors, based on scientific, educational and information revolutions, powered by the synergic effect of the partnership of civilizations, is rising. The aggravation of this global contradiction forces countries, regions and enterprises around the world to look for additional ways to increase competitiveness and efficiency. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is the development of cluster policy – both on the part of the state and on the part of business, large multinational companies. The article analyzes the possibility of formation of technology of innovative development of the region through the competent implementation of cluster policy. The authors conducted a systematic analysis of the effects of clustering (localization), concentrated in the field of high-tech industries, identified problems of their development, including those in the context of globalization.


Introduction
The modern structure of the world economy, conditioned by the contradictory integrity of world economies and regions linked by international economic relations, is imperfect. The negative effects arising in the process of international interaction make the formation of innovative development technology in countries with economies in transition and developing countries problematic. Thanks to their financial and production capabilities, TNCs concentrate knowledge-intensive production, contributing to the improvement of technologies, the development of regional interactions. The competitive advantages of globalization-saving on production scale, increasing of labour efficiency and others-are accompanied by the challenges posed by the activities of transnational corporations. The increasing economic polarization of the world, the technological gap between rich and poor countries, regional differentiation within countries play a decisive role in the activation of innovation processes. In this regard, it is vital to change the current model of search, implementation and development of innovations in countries that are concerned about the prospects for further innovative development.
Interest in clustering processes is due to the advantages of concentration, which effective integration of financial and intellectual potential creates. Under adequate institutional conditions, such advantages ensure the competitiveness of the region and contribute to improving the quality of life not only at the present time, but also in the long term.

Opportunities and limitations of innovative development, globalization
For almost a quarter of a century, analysts have identified such areas as ideology, formal and informal institutions, consumption and sales, markets for goods and services, financial markets, accumulation and investment, the labour market, science and innovation, ecology, and reproduction processes as the main components of the development of the modern world economy [1]. To a large extent, this is facilitated by globalization, which has spread on the basis of information and communication technologies since the second half of the 1980s. [2].
With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress since the mid-80s of the XX century, the uneven development of the world countries became more noticeable. The world economy today is characterized by different levels of development of production factors in more than 200 countries, permanent technological shifts and changes in the sphere of production, labour and other social relations [3]. At the beginning of the transformation period of perestroika in Russia, the general standard of living of the population was three times higher than the standard of living in China and Brazil and corresponded to the level of life of almost half of the current EU countries. The series of economic crises that the Russian economy has undergone since then has caused a decline in living standards in the country and regions, and the quality of life has changed. The contribution of globalization to the fall in living standards should also be noted [4].
Low-income countries, home to nearly 1.3 billion people, lack necessary science and technology basis, investment and skills to implement innovative change. For comparison: in 1950, the productivity gap between North American and African civilizations was 32.1 times, today it has almost fallen by one half, but even this gap is still too high [5]. At the same time, the activities of transnational corporations are accompanied by the flow of world rents, anti-rents and quasi-rents to the accounts of TNCs in rich countries, aggravating the generally unstable situation in the world economy, which affects the Russian economy due to its deep involvement in international exchange [6].
The situation with the distribution of national wealth in Russia, where almost a quarter of a century TNCs lead their economic activity, is as follows. Less than 0.5% of the population accounts for more than 70% of the national wealth, Russia is among the most unjust societies. With this background, huge financial resources are being withdrawn from the country, which, according to various sources, are measured to be from 50 -75% to 200% of annual GDP. These data illustrate the problem of compatibility between globalization and localization: the financial resources that left the country in the global economic space could be successfully used to localize innovations, create clusters and, ultimately, improve national competitiveness [7].
As the experience of developed countries shows, one of the most effective elements of the creation and introduction of new technologies is territorial innovation system. It allowsto localize the innovation cycle within the territories with the greatest potential for creation and implementation of innovations. In the context of sanctions, Russian companies need to create new technologies, ways of organizing production in the country [8]. The experience of clustering, widespread in the European Union, is of particular interest. According to some data, countries actively using cluster strategies were able to achieve GDP growth in the range of 75 to 90 % [9]. The main branches of clustering: electronic technologies and communications, computer science, biotechnology and bioresources, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, agricultural and food production, oil and gas industry and chemistry, engineering, electronics, health care, etc. [10].

Opportunities for establishment of technology of innovative development of the region
The idea of the cluster approach is to create a management technology that will increase the competitiveness not only of a particular region or industry, but also of the entire country. The interest in clustering processes is due to the advantages created by the effective integration of financial and intellectual potential. In adequate institutional conditions, such advantages ensure the competitiveness of the region not only at the current time, but also in the long term [11]. The attractiveness of this technology is due to the possibility of building a closed technological chain within the cluster, starting with the idea of creating a product and ending with its introduction to the market. Breakthrough ideas implemented on the basis of clusters have significant innovative potential and create factors for economic growth. The creation of clusters is a progressive form of innovation. Over the past 15 years, innovations in business models have attracted increasing attention in management research and among practitioners [12].
Innovation cluster is a system of relationships between universities, commercial enterprises, research centers, technology parks, business incubators, venture capital funds, government agencies, etc., which allows to use the advantages of integration, scale and synergy to improve the efficiency of the processes of creation, spread and commercialization of new knowledge and inventions.
The process of creating a regional innovation cluster includes several stages: -the formation of a working group from the people overtaken by the pioneering spirit; -the setting of goals and key objectives; -the development of legal and organizational basis for the work of the cluster; -scenario analysis of the innovation system development with the forecast of prospects of its functioning and development; -monitoring the work and identifying possible improvements.
The key directions of development of regional clusters are determined by the interests of its main participants: the state, universities and businesses. Here it is appropriate to refer to the triple helix model [13]. This model was proposed as a basis for the study of territorial social-economic systems at the regional level in European countries. It has an applied nature and is often used for the implementation of regional innovation policy. The triple helix model has the form of a social structure that unites three institutions: the state, universities and business (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Model of interaction between businesses, government and universities in the region [14]
Further development of the cluster takes place in several stages [14], presented in Fig. 2. potential cluster protocluster precluster innovative-territorial cluster with the center of cluster development innovative-territorial cluster territorial-productive cluster effective innovativeterritorial cluster with the center of cluster development

Fig. 2. Cluster formation stages [14]
Each stage has its own distinctive characteristics. At the initial stage, the cluster is a group of firms of one industry concentrated in one territory, and by the time it turns into an effective innovative-territorial cluster with the center of cluster development, it is already a group of interacting firms concentrated in one territory, one or more technologically interconnected industries within a single scientific and production complex and with a management structure, forming a highly effective system due to the manifestation of synergetic (cluster) effects [15].
In order to analyze trends in the development of high-tech clusters in the regions of Russia, we will use the data of the Russian cluster observatory of the NRU HSE Institute for statistical research and knowledge-based economics [16]. As of the beginning of 2019, 88 clusters were registered in Russia, which is 18 units more than in 2016 (here and further information on the North Caucasus Federal district is not available). The most active cluster formation occurs in the Central Federal district, in the second place -the Volga Federal Specialists, technologies district, the thirdthe Siberian (Fig. 3). The increase in innovation activity within clusters in the regions of Russia is uneven. Megalopolises Moscow and Saint Petersburg traditionally occupy a strong position among the leaders: they account for 5% and 7% of the total number of people employed, respectively. In general, during the period under examination, new points of increase appeared in the Bryansk region, Murmansk region, Astrakhan region, Tyumen region, Komi Republic, Udmurt Republic, etc. This is largely facilitated by the state's proactive cluster policy, which has intensified the emergence of agglomeration and localization effects in the regional economy [17].
The quality of life is determined by the combination of factors of human existence and development. The need to meet the cultural (spiritual) and social needs of citizens explains the qualitative content of this concept [18,19]. It manifests itself through the ease or difficulty of satisfying human needs: individual and social. The system of indicators of the quality of life, namely the level of income of the population -how much and to what extent income provides satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of people -allows to form an opinion about the possibilities of meeting the needs [20]. In addition to the level of income and consumption of material goods, the standard of living is largely determined by the availability of housing. This is even more important because the marginal propensity to consume from temporary income increases the cost of housing [21].
The expediency of discussing innovations in this perspective is explained by positive external effects generated by innovative activity [22].

Discussion
The spread and wide use of information and communication technologies provides a powerful impulse for globalization [23]. Giant accumulators of innovative development on a world-wide basis are TNCs actively using the effects of localization from the beginning. Along with increase of productivity, impact of scale and other benefits for the country in which TNCs operate, there are widespread negative effects of their operations [24]. The selective use of innovative technologies by transnational corporations makes the economies of such countries vulnerable and creates conditions for strengthening the technological gap with the leading economic powers [25].
In our opinion, the technology of innovative development mostly consists of localization, which provides an increasing return with production concentration. In this regard, the triple helix model which illustrates the localization of the innovation cycle and its institutionalization in the interests of the national economy as a result of partnership between universities, businesses and government (represented by the state) is of particular interest. The applied nature of the model allows to use it for the implementation of regional investment policy [26]. The generation of knowledge and innovation which creates the basis for the financial flowis carried out by universities and research centers. The greater the flow of knowledge is, the more innovative technologies are created in the country [27]. Financial and knowledge flows are structured information-based flows that can and should be used to manage the latest technologies for innovative development.