Global Transformation of the Living Standards of Population in the Context of Spatial Transformations

. Research background: The world is constantly changing, increasing the efficiency of economic processes and raising the standard of living of the population, but this development has an uneven tendency. The global transformation of socio-economic development provides an opportunity for the state to use all available potential in order to increase the level and quality of life of the population. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the publication is to study the dynamics of the development of the living standard of the population, to conduct a comparative analysis of the global indicators characterizing it. Methods: The article provides a comparative analysis of countries, which makes it possible to structure the main components of the living standard of the population; the results of the rating assessment of world indices characterizing the standard of living of the population are systematized based on the methods of scientific knowledge, comparative and statistical analysis. Findings & Value added: The analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population made it possible to identify the main trends in the influence of these indicators on the level of the country's development. Based on the comparison and analysis of world indicators, the place of Russia in the world economic space has been determined and an analysis of their dynamics has been carried out. Measures have been systematized to regulate the development of the standard of living of the population, aimed at eliminating crisis situations and imbalances in their development.


Introduction
The modern world economy is in a state of constant movement, dynamism, modernization, and, in this regard, the uncertainty of the results of various changes has become its characteristic feature. Social stratification and differentiation of the population is an integral part of the life of society at any time, as well as the subject of study for economists around the world. At the present stage, negative changes in the standard of living (specifically, its decline) are becoming a factor, which determines the degree of satisfaction of the population with state policy.
Today a person, their rights and freedoms are the highest value, therefore, the question of the level of their well-being and general satisfaction with the quality of life arises. In general, the standard of living can be characterized as the degree of satisfaction of a person with their needs of a social and material nature [1,2]. The differentiation of the standard of living of the population is associated with a number of factors and reasons, among which one can identify the economic potential of the regions, the ability of the population to adapt to new economic activities, the structure and degree of employment of the population, social assistance and protection.
When addressing the standard of living, first of all, the material needs of people are considered, the satisfaction of which strongly depends on the level of human well-being and consumption. The activities of any country are primarily aimed at eliminating the problems arising among the population that prevent them from having a decent life.

Methodology
The research is based on scientific methods, including generalization of domestic and foreign experience in assessing the standard of living of the population.Drawing on statistical methods, the authors have also considered and analyzed the dynamics of the main indicators of living standards of the population in the Russian Federation and abroad. The methodological base of research also includes scientific methods: the cause-and-effect approach; the structural and functional tools for pattern identification; methods of monographic analysis, as well as classical methods of analysis and synthesis, including private-scientific methods of economic phenomena research.
The basis of the research is a systematic approach, which allowed to systematize factors and measures to regulate the standard of living of the population in such countries as The United States of America, Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, Malaysia, Russia, South Korea and others. Furthermore, on the basis of multivariate statistical analysis there has been considered the dynamics of the key indicators, which characterized the standard of living of the population, for the display of the results the methodology of graphic interpretation of information has been used.

Results and discussion
At present, there is an acute social differentiation of the population's standard of living, which is influenced by various factors occurring in the world. Factors, as a category, are of two types: main and indirect. The main factors include specific events that have a direct impact on the standard of living and the situation in the world as a whole. Indirect factors only partially affect the population. It should be noted that the influence of any group of factors can have both positive and negative sides. Countries with more efficient economies and significant societal wealth have the ability to provide their populations with high standards and to satisfy high demands. Countries with the highest percentage of the working population that is able to support the country's economy also have priority [20]. The next important factor in the differentiation of the standard of living is the state support of the population. This factor provides significant support to the population of any country, managing the standard of living. Social support can be provided in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits. There is a sufficient number of factors that influence the living standard. Every day world events become the levers that regulate the life and position of many people. The first priority of any government is to develop the necessary measures to manage the situation and maintain a high standard of living of the population.
One of the key indicators of the formation of the living standard is the Human Development Index (HDI) [21] -a complex indicator that characterizes the development of people in the countries worldwide (Table 1). Norway is the leader among countries with very high HDI in 2017-2019. The same group includes Australia, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, etc. The groups of countries with high and medium HDI were constantly changing over the period under review, which indicates the unevenness of the HDI. The ranking is closed by a group of countries with a low HDI, which, as noted above, occupy stable positions in 2017-2019: Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Mali and others. In general, progress is observed to a greater extent among countries with high and medium HDI, since it has the greatest turnover of positions. An equally common index for studying the standard of living is the quality-of-life index, since these concepts are interrelated. The level of differentiation of the living standard depends on the quality-of-life index ( Table 2). The ranking, which has been reviewed,  Compiled by the author based on data from the statistical agency Numbeo One of the determining factors of the living standard is the level of poverty of the population. Incomes of the population play a significant role in the formation of the living standard and allow maintaining its value. Countries with a high level of poverty naturally have a low standard of living, since the population is not able to meet many needs and acquire the necessary benefits [22]. The poverty level is formed by two main indicators -GDP and GDP per capita. The author suggests considering the dynamics of the poverty rate for 2017-2019 (Table 3). After analyzing the data in the table, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the rating, which includes the poorest countries with a backward economy and a low level of production development. There are many preconditions for this: from an ineffective model of the country's socio-economic development to armed conflicts taking place on the territory of the state. Basically, the ranking positions are occupied by African countries, where the standard of living is significantly lower than in developed countries. Having traced the dynamics, one can see that the positions of the countries have remained practically unchanged for 3 years, which indicates a weakened economy and a low standard of living of the population.
The author suggests considering further the ranking of the richest countries according to 2017-2019 data (Table 4). Having traced the dynamics of the indicators, it is worth noting that during the three years under review, the balance of the countries practically did not change. Most countries increase GDP per capita growth every year, remaining in the ranking of the 10 richest countries in the world. The rating is based on European countries with stable economies and high living standards.  Singapore   84800  90600  103108  Ireland  70150  72700  83400  Brunei  80300  76800  80380  Norway  67600  70600  76680  UAE  67200  68500  69430  Kuwait  71000  70000  66390  Switzerland  56800  61500  66200 Compiled by the author based on the source: "World Bank" [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.worldbank.org/ Earlier it has been noted that the level of income has a significant impact on the differentiation of the population, since it regulates the material and social capabilities of a person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of income distribution between individual groups of the population (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.Dynamics of average income per adult GDP, US dollars
Having considered the data in Figure 2, it should be concluded that positive dynamics of average income is observed in almost all countries under review: Russia, Japan, India, Great Britain, the United States and others. The highest growth rates are observed in the UK and Japan. In general, a significant lag can be observed in Russia, for 2019 the figure was $ 36401.87, which is $ 49719.63 less than that of the United States, the world leader.
The main income of any person is mostly wages. The author suggests considering the indicators of the average salary level in different countries (Table 5). There is a significant difference in the level of wages among the countries under consideration, for example, the country with the largest indicator for the entire period under review (2017-2019) is the United States. In China, there is a constant increase in salary in relation to the previous year (4755 rubles by 2018, and 6671 rubles by 2019). In Russia, over three years, there has also been an annual increase in wages (4465 rubles by 2018 and 3960 rubles by 2019), while in the United States there is an increase of 55187 rubles by 2018 and a decrease in 2019 in relation to 2018 by 20720 rubles. In general, the average level of wages in the considered countries shows that salary is growing and it simulates an increase in the standard of living.
One of the key factors in the analysis of the standard of living is the indicator of the number of labor force. Two parts can be distinguished in the structure of labor resources from the perspective of their participation in social production: active (functioning) and passive (potential). Age limits are established in each country by existing legislation. The author suggests considering the ranking of the countries with the largest number of labor resources in 2017-2019 (Table 6). The dynamics of growth in the number of labor resources is constantly increasing, which indicates the renewal of the countries' labor potential. In general, the high rates of labor force indicate a successful economy and an ever-increasing number of jobs necessary for the labor force. Labor employment determines not only the well-being of the country, but also maintains the standard of living of citizens, because a steady job means getting salary that forms the income of the population and stimulates people to successfully meet their needs. However, there are also countries with a low labor force indicator (Table 7). In conclusion it should be noted that the results of the analysis of the standard of living by various indicators indicate that in recent years the standard of living in most countries of the world has been at an acceptable level. An effective mechanism for reducing differentiation and raising the standard of living is state policy aimed at solving many issues of the population, in particular, of an economic nature. The reduction in global inequality occurs to the greatest extent through the reduction of inequality among countries, ensuring economic security and reducing social tensions. Raising and maintaining a decent standard of living is a statewide problem that can be solved by joint efforts of all levels of government. The priority basis for management is a consistent increase in the standard of living of the population, reduction of poverty, the creation and implementation of decent living conditions for people.
When developing and making decisions aimed at improving living standards, it is necessary to rely on the following guidelines (Table 8). The standard of living is an indicator of the effectiveness of the entire public administration, since the destermination to improve public administration is one of the priority tasks of the strategic development of society, associated with the recent government reforms to improve the living standards of the population.

Conclusion
It is possible to conclude that the differentiation of living standards is a complex economic process that depends on many factors of varying degrees of significance. The existing imbalances in the socio-economic development of countries and regions in particular reflect the degree of influence of reforms on the standard of living of the population.The most important role in the formation of differentiation of the standard of living is played by the level of income and the level of well-being of the population, since they are the economic component of the standard of living. The countries with the highest percentage of the wealthy are mainly Asian and European. A high indicator reflects a successful economy and a high standard of living.
One of the key factors in the analysis of the standard of living is the indicator of the number of labor resources, since it forms a part of the able-bodied society capable of independently increasing the level of its income. High indicators of labor incomes reflects a successful economy and an ever-increasing number of jobs required by the labor force. Labor employment determines not only the well-being of the country, but also maintains the standard of living of citizens, because a steady job means getting salary that forms the income of the population and stimulates people to successfully meet their needs. This requires reforms in the field of public management of living standards based on the development of an optimal model of interaction between regions and the federal center. This should result in the formation of a stable tendency in the socio-economic development.