Global partnership for sustainable development: challenges and perspectives for Ukraine

Research background: The global concept of sustainable development was elaborated in detail by the UN and the Club of Rome. Development Agenda 2030 and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were adopted in 2015 with the main priorities of social development of the world. The monitoring and analysis of the 17 SDG and 169 targets of the new agenda will be carried out through a set of global indicators. Purpose of the article is to develop a system of indicators for monitoring the achieving the SDG in Ukraine. This system will use for estimating the current results and developing mid-term forecast. Methods: The classical econometric methods and models, in particular, the exponential smoothing method was used for estimating and forecasting. Also, the multidimensional ranking and the method of expert assessments were used. The research is carried out based on statistical data (from 2008 to 2018 years) of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, UN reports. Findings & Value added : The article contains an overview of the essence, components, aims, methodology, results and forecast for achieving the 17th Sustainable Development Goal ”Global Partnership” in Ukraine. The system of individual & integrated indicators for the global partnership was built for evaluating the current results and using for forecast modelling. The model of global partnership and mid-term forecast for Ukraine was built for the paper’s aim achieving. The results showed the main challenges for Ukraine in achieving the 17th SDG soon.


Introduction
The contemporary concept of sustainable development has systematically combined three main components: economic, environmental and social. The economic approach based on optimal using of limited resources as well as material-saving and energy-saving technologies for creating the aggregate income flow that would preserve (not reduce) the aggregate capital (physical, natural or human) for generating that aggregate income. Environmental component grounded the integrity of biological and physical natural systems, their viability, on which the global stability of the entire biosphere depends. The social component is focused on human development, on maintaining the stability of social and cultural systems, on reducing the number of conflicts.
The formation of the sustainable development concept as a global understanding of the social progress path for the future began in the 1960s. However, many works of philosophers, sociologists, economists of the past are the scientific basis for the formation of this concept, along with many legislative acts of national and international levels, which laid the normative basis for responsible human use of available resources in economic activity. In the second half of the twentieth century, when the negative consequences of the industrial revolution, the irresponsible use of renewable and non-renewable resources for economic benefits, the destruction of self-regulatory mechanisms of ecological systems, led to many local social and environmental crises worldwide, the cognizance to the idea of intelligent coexistence of human and nature significantly increased. The report of the Club of Rome "The Limits to Growth" (1972) [1] highlighted the problem of limited natural resources, their inaccessibility for future generations, as well as a significant and uncontrollable decline in population by 2070 while maintaining trends of industrialization, environmental pollution, food production and resource depletion. These problems erased in two another significant works on sustainable development: B. Ward and R. Dubos "Only One Earth -The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet" [2], P. Ehrlich "How to Be a Survivor: A Plan to Save Spaceship" [3].
The prospects for the development of civilization in the face of the depletion of natural resources, increasing environmental pollution and continued population growth were raised in the UN Conference on the Environment (1972, Stockholm). The Conference adopted an action plan with 109 points of recommendation addressed to national governments and international organizations, and proposed the establishment of a new mechanism in the UN system that would facilitate the implementation of decisions in concrete actions of a political and scientific nature. WCED in 1987 introduced the report "Our Common Future" [4], emphasized on the need for sustainable development as development that provides the needs of the present generations without damage interests and the possibility of future generations to meet their own needs. This formulation of the concept widely used nowadays as a basis in many countries, including the EU Sustainable Development Strategy until 2020 [5].
The UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) declared the need to recognize the principles of sustainable development as key guidelines for the formation of a new society. Sustainability is a simple concept: to live injustice within our environmental capabilities [6]. In 2002 the three components of sustainable development are reflected in the Agenda 21 [7] as the plan with three levels: global, national and regional. The 21 Agenda identifies information, integration and participation as the three key blocks needed to achieve sustainable development, and emphasizes the need to replace old ways of doing business with new ones (based on cross-sectoral interaction and integration of approaches to environmental protection and reduction of social contradictions in the process of development), broad public participation in decision-making. Adopted in 2000 by 189 nations at the UN Millennium Summit, the UN Millennium Declaration identified the  [9], which is a top priority of social development. In the SDGs, in contrast to the MDGs, the list of areas and tasks has been expanded. This approach is justified and confirmed that nowadays in the globalized world, sustainable development isn't possible without peace and security, as well as the establishment of global partnership. The SDGs provide guidelines for policy-making and funding under the relevant programs of UNDP, the main UN development agency, and provide support to national governments on adopting and implementing the goals. The 2030 Agenda [8] commits each country to a wide range of measures aimed not only at eradicating the causes of poverty but also at ensuring economic growth and prosperity and meeting people's health needs, education and social security with the unconditional provision of environmental protection. The document recognizes that the world faces global challenges, from poverty, growing inequality and colossal disparities in opportunities, wealth and power to environmental degradation and the risks posed by climate change.
Analysis of 17 SDGs and 169 tasks of sustainable development, as well as their relationship and consistency with the principles of sustainable development and the MDGs, allowed to state a more balanced social (8), economic (6) and environmental (8) component in the SDGs (8; 6; 8) compared to the basic principles of sustainable development (13; 16; 19) and the MDGs (6; 1; 1). The last two SDGs (16,17) "Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions", "Partnership for Sustainable Development" hold the basic function of ensuring the achievement of other goals. Each country, having identified from the list of SDGs and tasks the most priority for itself, determines its priorities for sustainable development, and develops strategic documents, sets goals and elaborates plans to achieve them at the national and regional levels. The dominant economic preferences by countries and nations, investigated by A.Falk, A. Becker, T. Dohmen et al [10] helps to correlate SDGs, national priorities with human behaviour and expectations at the national, regional and local level. The UN proposed to use a set of global indicators for monitoring of 2030 Agenda success. However, the indicators developed by the UN for monitoring are not always acceptable in the national context: the system of global SDGs indicators, based on the results of the 47th plenary session of the UN Statistical Commission, contains a total of 240 indicators. The peculiarities of achieving SDGs in different countries, as well as challenges of estimating the success with the UN indicators at the national level described by S. Zaini and A. Akhtar [11], A. Kassenberg [12], V.Urazgaliev and G.Menshikova [13], M Biggery, D.A. Clark et al [14], E. B. Barbier and J. C. Burgess [15], A. Miola and F. Schiltz [16], R. Hayman [17]. Most commonly, the system of indicators for monitoring and assessing the sustainability of development is also being developed at the national level.
The globalization of the economy, the transformation of economic systems has led to the organization in countries a system of relations based on strategic alliances and cooperation at both local and global levels. Chops and changes in the geopolitical situation in the world, violations of international agreements, the destruction of peaceful relations, increasing disparities in the development of different countries have exacerbated the global problems of society associated with numerous social, economic and environmental challenges. At the same time, global trends indicate the simultaneous development of global processes of integration and localization, which are the main criteria and principles SHS Web of Conferences 92, 0 (2021) Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 of the modern world development. The global partnership ensures unity and integrity and helps to level down conflicts of interest and reach the consensus in the vision of a common future. The research of the transnationalisation impact on the development of the national economy of Ukraine [18] and practices of European integration [19] et al. grounded that the experience that Ukraine has gained in international partnership at the cross-border level is promising. It has participated in the creation of 10 European regional projects. Among these, it has successfully cooperated in such areas as solving regional environmental problems, the development of human communication (tourism, local border traffic) and cooperation in scientific and educational spheres. This paper aimed at evaluating the success in achieving SDG 17 "Partnership for Sustainable Development" in Ukraine, as well as on identifying main challenges and perspectives, because the potential of global partnership remains insufficient today.

Methods
The classical econometric methods and models, in particular the exponential smoothing method, the multidimensional ranking and the method of expert assessments were used for estimating and forecasting. The exponential smoothing method refers to adaptive prediction models that can quickly work out the structure and parameters to change external conditions. The utilizing of these methods is due to the peculiarity of macroeconomic data, which are used in the calculation of indicators and which are constantly changing under the influence of external factors. In the situation when the recent implementation of the investigational process is the most important, the adaptive methods are the most effective, take due account the disparity among time series. The disadvantage of these methods is the short-term forecast (maximum 3 periods  where a is the target in the i -th year Source: own processing As it is known, the task of normalization is the transition to this scale of measurement, when the "best" indicator corresponds to the value of 1 and a "bad" value is 0. All proposed indicators are stimulants, except the indicator 17.2.1. This indicator has a different focus than other indicators for which growth is a positive result, it converted into a stimulant. Moreover, the indicators for assessing the I17і have different units of measurement. Accordingly, the additive aggregation requires bringing them to one basis, i.e. preliminary standardization, according to the formula: where і -the year r ; j -the indicator (see table 2). The peculiarity of the feature vector is a comparison of the level of its compliance with the target value. Therefore, in formula (1) the value of a is a certain reference (target) value from table w, and the results of the calculations will show: -the indicator below the target (negative level of achieving the SDG 17); -the indicator corresponds to the target (satisfactory level of achieving the SDG 17); -the indicator above the target benchmark (high level of achieving the SDG 17). Calculation of the integral index I17і proposed to build as the arithmetic average of the standardized values ij z according to the following formula:

Results and Discussions
Like the other UN Member States, Ukraine joined the global process of sustainable development. A participatory and inclusive process to adapt the SDGs to the Ukrainian SHS Web of Conferences 92, 0 (2021) Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 context was launched to establish a national strategic framework for Ukraine up to 2030 based on the principle 'leave no one behind'. Every global target was reviewed, taking into consideration the specific national context. In 2016, Ukraine held four national and ten regional consultations [20]. The result of this work was the national system of SDG, which consists of 86 tasks of national development. The SDGs should ensure the national integration of efforts for economic growth, a commitment to social justice and the need for environmental management.
The main document that determines the motion vectors of Ukraine to sustainable development was adopted in January 2015, the sustainable development Strategy "Ukraine-2020' [24]. The aim of the Strategy is the implementation in Ukraine of European standards of living and entry into the leading position in the world. Four main vectors of the progressive development of the country are defined in this document: 1) the development vector is the sustainable development of the state, structural reforms and, as a consequence, raise of living standards; 2) the security vector is safeguarding the security of the state, business and citizens, the security of investments and private property; 3) the responsibility vector is the guarantee that every citizen, regardless of race, colour, political, religious and other beliefs, sex, ethnic and social origin, property status, domicile, linguistic or other characteristics will have an access to high-quality education, health care and other services in the public and private sectors; 4) the pride vector is mutual respect and tolerance in society, pride in own country, its history, culture, science, sports. Table 3 reports three main targets and four indicators for SDG 17 elaborated in Ukraine National Baseline Report for SDGs [20]. To ensure sustainable development of the state and the successful implementation of this Strategy 62 reforms and programs of the state development must be brought into action, among which ten priority programs are outlined. Undoubtedly, the successful implementation of reforms and achievement of all development objectives is good governance, eradication of corruption, public support. Accordingly, a social integration, good governance, honest and transparent government, public participation in decisionmaking and monitoring of their implementation, social dialogue is fundamental to the sustainable development of a country and its regions [25].
A review of the information available in Ukraine to monitor the global SDG indicators shows that the current government statistics agencies collect information on 96 indicators. 52 indicators comply fully with existing international standards, while 44 indicators are in incomplete (partial) compliance with existing international standards. The total number of indicators to determine the success of the SDG at the national level for full monitoring and relevant reports, which will be the basis for strategic and tactical actions for sustainable development of Ukraine and its regions and implementation numerous regulations is 172. Figures 1-4, table 4 reports of fact and target values of SDG 17 indicators, it's dynamic from 2008 till 2019 and forecasts until 2022.  The low investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy leads to a lack of foreign direct investment to restore the capacity of the national economy. As of 1 January 2016, Ukraine's economy attracted USD 36.1 billion of foreign direct investment, or USD 847.2 per capita -the lowest level in Europe. 31.8 % of all foreign direct investment was in the real sector of the economy (industry, agriculture and construction) [25]. The 17.2.1.3 indicator "The ratio of gross external debt to exports of goods and services in annual terms" served its real value targets only during 2016-2019 years (see table 4). The next step call for aggregating all analyzed indicators into one integrated index with economic and mathematical methods of multidimensional ranking, table 5.  Table 6 represents the results of normalization for disincentive indicator 17.2.1.3 "The ratio of gross external debt to exports of goods and services in annual terms".  [23], this indicator for 2020 established by the government is 205 projects, while in the National Baseline Report [20] it provides for 15 projects. Ukraine has developed a legal framework for public-private partnerships, but the pace of its practical application is unsatisfactory. The existing projects are mostly related to ongoing public procurement and contain no tangible investment components. Today, there are no examples of stable partnership practices between public authorities and civil society institutions in areas such as public policy and the monitoring and public oversight of central executive authorities, local governments, institutions with budget financing etc.  The situation with integrated index I17i much worse (I17i < 1,0) and tends to decrease due to the decline in GDP and other macroeconomic indicators, figure 4.

Fig. 4. Dynamic of the integrated index I17i
Source: own processing

Conclusions
Achieving the SDGs in Ukraine will be possible after the country resolves the problem of its limited resource capacity and the lack of appropriate institutional mechanisms to ensure the optimal, focused use of those resources. The lack of investment results in its focus on areas that are keys to the development of that particular sector. Instead, the level of investment in the system components of sustainable development (resource efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, development of social infrastructure etc.) remains low for both private and public investment.
It is necessary to implement targeted investment policies that would enhance the motivation to make and consolidate investments in innovative directions relevant to achieving the SDGs. For each of the potential sources of capital investment, a targeted approach that focuses on investment and the optimal use of rather limited resources should be applied. It is important to correct investment preferences by taking into consideration the need for investment in innovation. Given the difficult financial situation in Ukraine, SHS Web of Conferences 92, 0 (2021) Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 9005 https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209005 enhancing cooperation with international organizations is still an important objective. It is advisable to improve the monitoring and oversight of the targeted goals. Thus, the obtained results showed an inability to meet SDG 17 in Ukraine until 2022 without the turn of the tide. Key recommendations for achieving the goal is the following: strengthen the partnership principles of public organizations, and develop public-private partnerships; set up international cooperation; develop a networked society.