Challenges and Countermeasures of China’s Cyberspace Governance in the New Era

. In the context of the new era, countries are constantly competing and cooperating in the field of cyberspace. China is facing an increasingly complex international environment. Meanwhile, the number of domestic cyber citizens is increasing and the structure is diversified, the incidence of cyber misconduct is increasing significantly. However, policies and laws for cyberspace governance in China are relatively imperfect. Facing with these challenges, China can carry out the practice of cyberspace governance from three aspects: pay attention to internet technology innovation, promote the governance model with multi-actors participation, and improve institutional guarantee.


Introduction
The situation in the cyberspace field has shown many changes in the new era. On the one hand, the international cybersecurity situation has changed abruptly, cyber security, development and freedom are the common goals pursued by all the countries Chuanying Lu, 2016 [1], and a community with a shared future has become the appeal of the times Zhengzhong Xu, 2020 [2]. The advent of the 5G era led to a deeper contest between China and the United States in the field of cyberspace. Cyber weapons, hacker and other cyber threats to cyber security are increasing. On the other hand, China's demand for Internet application and security surges, and the development of digital economy and industry advances by leaps and bounds. Digital civilization depends on cyberspace, the rapid development of Internet of Things catalyzes the update and iteration of internet technology. The proportion of the industrial economy built on the network platform is increasing, the internet popularity rate of the public is rising constantly. Hence, the security management and comprehensive governance of the cyberspace are facing unprecedented challenges. Cyberspace governance has entered a new era.

Connotation of cyberspace governance
Cyberspace governance refers to the international coordination and cooperation activities carried out by all stakeholders in the international community (national governments, private sectors, civil society and even users) in order to promote the orderly and healthy development of cyberspace based on the dual impact of technology and society on the development of the global Internet. Cyberspace governance can be divided into two areas: national governance and global governance, both of which are indispensable. Facing cyberspace governance, on the one hand, we should grasp the basic structure of cyberspace governance in China, on the other hand, we should pay attention to the current mode of global cyberspace governance.
The cyberspace governance structure is based on the three-tier architecture of Internet governance proposed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), namely, the infrastructure layer, logical layer, economic and social layer Baoguo Cui, 2020 [4]. The infrastructure layer is mainly composed of internet switching center, terrestrial cables, submarine cables, satellites, wireless systems. The logic layer mainly solves the problems of root servers, domain name, IP address, and protocol parameters. The economic and social layer belongs to the content application layer, which is used for information dissemination and citizens' social and service rights.
Two patterns of global governance have gradually evolved over time in the course of global cyberspace governance practice: multilateralism and multistakeholderism. The former focuses on national sovereignty, is led by the government, and other groups collaborate to participate, collaboratively solve cyberspace-related problems and find development strategies within the framework of the United Nations W. Moritz, 2019 [5]. The latter is typical of Western countries, focusing on the needs of multiple stakeholders, weakening national sovereignty, and advocating for equality in participation. It is a bottom-up decisionmaking mechanism. The comparison of the two models is actually a contest between bottomup and top-down decision-making mechanisms. In the practice of cyberspace governance, the United States practices multilateralism and has first-mover advantage, in fact the government has administrative jurisdiction to root servers, root zone files, the file system. Due to the international situation, the United States transferred its jurisdiction over IANA in 2016. Multilateralism was challenged by multilateralism, which is a kind of hierarchical order, the characteristics of network space more show the level of freedom and order, therefore, simple multilateralism or multilateral doctrine are not enough to achieve good governance in cyberspace.

Foreign experience in cyberspace governance
The United States is the initiator of the network technology and the superpower in the field of cyberspace, and has upgraded the cyberspace strategy to the national strategy. Its governance model is based on the multi-stakeholder model. On the one hand, it attaches importance to the development of technology-related enterprises and the protection of personal privacy data. On the other hand, the United States has established relatively complete legal documents, such as a network security review system. At the same time, at the content application level of cyberspace governance, the United States is constantly advancing the construction of military operations. This is a guarantee for national development that cannot be ignored or excessive. In addition, in the field of cyberspace, the United States has always been committed to technological innovation, from talent training to industrial investment, which deserves attention.
Singapore has a high degree of informatization, and the cyberspace governance has typical oriental characteristics, which can be used for reference in cyberspace governance of China. Singapore has established a sound organizational management system, policy system, and legal system in the cyberspace governance system. In 2015, the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) was established to coordinate cyberspace governance and security matters. Its policy documents involved the construction of a secure cyberspace, the development of a dynamic cyberspace ecosystem, and the construction of a resilient key Information infrastructure, strengthening international cooperation in cyberspace and many other aspects. In 2017, the new cybersecurity bill was revised, and laws including the Domestic Security Act, the Personal Information Protection Act, and the Abuse of Computer and Cybersecurity Act were established to regulate cyberspace order. Singapore's cyberspace governance process has its own characteristics. The government's functional role is no longer "all-round", but "cooperative" Wei Wang, 2018 [6]. First, cooperation with ASEAN and other countries actively promotes the healthy development of global cyberspace. Second, tries to cooperate with domestic and foreign high-tech enterprises or colleges to absorb superior technology and professional personnel training methods. Third, Singapore cooperate with domestic people and explore national participation in cyberspace security governance.
The characteristics of cyberspace governance in Japan in the new era can be elaborated from three aspects. First, from the perspective of economic governance, Japan attaches great importance to the comprehensive upgrade of the application level of cyberspace, and the application and development of digital technology are laid out in an orderly manner under the escort of a series of policies. IT Comprehensive Strategy Headquarters promulgated the Digital Procedure Law in May 2019, and formulated the New IT Policy Outline for the Digital Age in June 2019. Japan accepted applications for the "information banking" industry in 2018, the first authentication enterprise was born in March 2019, and it is at the forefront of the business model that uses personal information to create value worldwide Man Ding, 2020 [7]. Secondly, from the perspective of security governance, marked by the formulation of the Network Security Strategy in 2013, Japan officially entered the era of ultra-high development of network security, with increasingly improved institutional policy documents and authority departments, and explored a network space governance model combining the use of public power and corporate self-discipline. Finally, from the perspective of the integration of economic governance and security governance, Japan's revised Network Security Strategy in 2018 first proposed the strategy of building a "cyber security ecosystem" in 2020, which is a mechanism for Japan's international policy coordination mechanism to force itself to proceed useful exploration of practice, This strategy not only accelerates the practice of cyberspace governance in Japan, but also conforms to the governance philosophy of international cyberspace.
On the whole, taking the above three countries as examples, we can see that developed countries have the following experiences to learn from in terms of cyberspace governance: first, establish a sound institutional guarantee mechanism, including sound organization and clear management organization positioning, complete laws and regulations, and sound policy documents; The second is to pay attention to the development and application of the application layer in cyberspace to construct the ecosystem of cyberspace. Third, upgrade the cyberspace strategy to a national strategy; Fourth, the government should work with enterprises and citizens to advance the project of cyberspace governance.

Challenges of our country's cyberspace governance in the new era
Cyberspace governance of China is facing both international and domestic challenges, which are embodied in the international environment, the scale of netizens, and cyber anomie.

The international cyberspace environment is complex
Between 2000 to 2009, the top Internet user growth not appears in developed countries, but in Africa, Latin America and other regions. It shows that more and more actors enter into the practice of the network space. The penetration rate of cyberspace in the fields of economy, security, individual power, and culture is getting higher and higher, and the cyberspace strategy has been upgraded to a national strategy. Various countries have coordinated and discussed the sovereignty involved in the three-tier structure of cyberspace governance structure. The level of technological development in the digital age is different Haimin Li, 2019 [8]. My country's international influence has become one of the key factors affecting the build of a community with a shared future in cyberspace.

The number of cyber anomie climbs and the scope expands
Cyber anomie is mainly manifested in the form of cyber fraud, cyberattack, and cyber data leakage, and we are faced with both international and domestic cyber anomie. According to Reporting Center of Cyberspace Administration of China, the total number of acceptances of cyber violations and bad information in our country was 12.506 million in May 2019, while it rose to 15.199 million in May 2020. Although the relevant departments have taken certain measures in cyberspace governance, however the effectiveness is not optimistic. There is room for improvement in the role positioning and organizational management structure setting of departments and institutions, and the corresponding laws and regulations concerning cyberspace governance need to be further improved to provide guarantee for cyberspace governance.

Countermeasures of cyberspace governance in our country
According to the challenges we face in cyberspace governance, our country should take corresponding measures to deal with it.

Strengthen international cooperation and pay attention to internet technology innovation
Internet technology is the foundation of cyberspace and the driving force of national development. According to the "Global Connectivity Index" released by Huawei, Internet scale Internet penetration rate correlated with economic growth, and every 20% increase in ICT investment will pry 1% GDP growth. Therefore, in the exploration of cyberspace governance mechanisms, the first thing to consider is to improve the ability of Internet technology innovation, which is a consistent practice in the United States. First of all, we can refer to the practice of Singapore, draw on the technical strength and professional talent training experience of developed countries in national cooperation, and then we hope find technological breakthrough points, improve the strength of professional talents in China, build technological pioneers by topnotch innovative talents. Second, in terms of economic development, application and security management of cyberspace, Japan is at the forefront of in the word. We should also strengthen cooperation with other countries, carry out multinational cooperation on the basis of trust, promote the exchange of experience and consultation on international rules, and jointly build a community of shared future in cyberspace.

Innovate the governance model of cyberspace and coordinate with multiple actors to participate
In the process of cyberspace governance, we should exert public power, at the same time give full play to the initiative of other actors. Exercising public power means that cyberspace governance proceeded by a powerful management organization. The function of the organization is not only to supervise, but also to take the initiative. It is also a key force for coordinating the participation of enterprises, democracy, civil society and other actors. To exert the power of other actors, we must adhere to the principle of industry self-discipline. The self-discipline of the Internet industry is the weak link of our cyberspace governance, China should give them rights and space to give play to their initiative and creativity, and provide them guidance in key links Tianshu Que,2018 [9].

Formulate policies and laws to ensure system security
Reducing cyber anomie and promoting the development of the content application layer in cyberspace are inseparable from a sound institutional system. The United States, Singapore, and Japan have rich experience in this area and are worth learning. Therefore, on the one hand, we should learn from foreign experience, explore a policy system suitable for China's national conditions, and form a comprehensive system covering infrastructure construction, cyber security space ecosystem, and foreign cooperation. On the other hand, we should improve relevant laws to guarantee the exercise of rights and obligations of all actors.

Summary
With the development of Internet technology and the expansion of its application scope, my country's cyberspace governance is facing a more complex international environment, a larger scale of netizens, and more prominent cyber anomie. Cyberspace governance is facing unprecedented challenges. First, China should continuously strengthen international cooperation and focus on cultivating our own technological advantages. Second, we also need to improve the organization and management system of cyberspace, take the government as the lead, cooperate with enterprises and the public to jointly govern, and promote industry self-discipline. Finally, China must establish a perfect policies and legislation to provide institutional guarantees for the practice of cyberspace. Thus, China should continue to promote the integration of cyberspace and physical space in the new era, and create a favorable situation in cyberspace.