Modern Structural Level and Dynamics of Crimes with The Use of Computers, Automation Systems, Computer Networks and Electric Connection Systems

Actuality of surveillance the cyber-criminality problem and its impact upon a society is proved out by the rapid increase in a quantity of such crimes and material losses accordingly. The statistical analysis of their number increases and the caused losses is made in the process of cybercrimes studying. It’s revealed that besides the catastrophic number growth of such crimes, the relative size of losses is increased too. The analysis of the actual data for the nine years is made, on which basis the indicators’ table of the cyber-attacks number, the general losses and the indexes of their dynamics is elaborated. The analysis of the struggle’s state with cyber-criminality in our state is made. The recommendations are presented in the limits of the research for the increase of the information protection’s reliability.


Introduction
The rapid development of the world informationcommunication technologies, being observed for the last two decades, is accompanied by the dynamic development of crimes in this field. Such development brings the negative phenomena of the new typecyber-criminalityinto our life. Besides the crimes, being specific for it, the cyber-crime presented the new possibilities of the traditional crimes' commitment and creates conditions for the realization of the principally new schemes and methods of the criminal activity. The criminals actually created the black market for the sale of drugs, weapon, the stolen goods, etc. with the help of the Darknet system.
The growth of the cybercrime's provision with the modern computing engineering, the means of the telephone communication with the access to the networks, the specific software form the threat not only for the crossing citizens in particular, but for the national security of the state in general.

Background
At present, in the times of information technologies, the identification of the cyber-criminality problem is gaining actuality. Correspondingly, it's necessary to construct the operating system of the cybernetics security guarantee at the state level.
The research materials of the cybersecurity problems are presented in the European Cybercrime Center [12], Norton Cybercrime Report, SecureWorks Cybercrime, FBI IC3Report, Globalstudy.bsa.org and the other sources.
To increase fighting efficiency related to such crimes, it is necessary to synchronize Ukraine's legislation with legislation of the countries, which have achieved considerable successes in combating cybercriminality. The international rules introduced by ISO/IES 15408 standard, should be implemented into the state's legislation [1].
The different aspects of the problem are lighted up in the works of the leading professionals: the study of the international experience of information security [2,3]; the information security's audit [4]; the hybrid aggressive threats [5]; the prevention of cybercriminality [6,7,8]; the protection of the critical infrastructure objects [9]; widening of cybercriminality in different branches (the protection of the data base, banking protection, the protection of the intellectual ownership, the protection from the pornography, electronic swindling, etc.) [10].

Problem Positing
The EU Commission presented the new Strategy of the EU Security Union on July, 24, 2020 with an emphasis on the protection of the critical infrastructure, the struggle with cyber-criminality, the opposition to the hybrid threats and the organized criminality. Such strategy has become the continuation of the complex measures of the previous years: the first European security strategy of 2003, the European agenda on security of 2015, the Global EU strategy of 2016, where the significant attention was paid to the problems of security.
The domestic realities of the cybersecurity sphere testify to a series of the important problems, preventing from the creation of the efficiently operating system of opposition to the threats in the cyberspace. The following ones belong to such problems in the first turn: the terminological uncertainty, the absence of the proper coordination of activity of the corresponding government departments, the Ukraine's dependence on the program and the engineering products of foreign origin, the difficulties with the staff complement of the corresponding structural subdivisions [13]. The official statistics reflects not only the state of the criminality, but the state of its registration in the country. The high delitescence of such type of crimes is observed.
That's why the modern structural level and the dynamics of crimes with the use of computers, automation systems, computer networks and the systems of the electric connection are selected as the subject of the research.

Presentation of Materials and Results
The available classifications of the notion "cybercrime" from the position of the scientific understanding are various enough.
The growth dynamics of cybercrimes, according to the statistics of the Internet Crime Complaint Center [11,14,15,16,17], is presented in the Table 1, in fig.1.
According to the calculations of the professionals, the quantity's jump of all the cybercrimes took place in 2017. After that the quantity of the cybercrimes received the tendency to the sharp rise. Thus, according to the data of the cyber-police in Ukraine, it's fixed: 1795 cases in 2017, 1023 casesin 2018, 2826in 2018, already 4263 cybercrimes -in 2019. Let's present some general-world tendencies. We consider it to be opportune, if we present the analytical indicators of the investigated process ( Table 2, Fig. 2).
As the visual analysis shows, the growth dynamics of the crimes' number and their cost have the different character.
Let's use the methods of the index analysis for the more detailed analysis.
where p1, p0the average cost of one crime (current and previous period), q1, q0the quantity of crimes (current and previous period), Ipqthe general index of losses, Ipthe general index of losses, due to the increase of the crime's average cost, Iqthe general index of losses, due to the number increase of crimes (Table. 3, Fig. 3).    Thus, the aggregate index of the general growth of losses is Ipq=1,308 (i.e., 30,8% in the average per one year). Such a growth is explained by the average increase (by 6,6%) of the crimes' quantity (Iq=1,066) and the sharp rise of the average cost of one crimeby 24% (Ip=1).
In order to fight efficiently with the cybercrimes, it's necessary to segment their demonstrations and to reveal the crimes, to which it's necessary to pay the maximal attention urgently, and to create the corresponding methods of struggle with them. The most dynamic types of the quantity of such violations, being revealed by the method of the index analysis, are represented in the Table 4. The types of the cybercrimes, according to the "hardness" (which lead to the most losses) are also presented in the Table 5. All the key "classical" cybercrimes, committed with the help of the computer and the telecommunication technologies, which number grows every year, are present now in Ukraine in the whole scope.
As Oleksandr Grynchak, the first deputy head of the Ukraine cyber-police department, states, the most spread types of such actions in Ukraine are the following: the illegal access, the illegal catching, the interference into data, the abuse by devices, the swindling, connected with computers; the violations, connected with the children's pornography, etc. The swindlers create the sites and sell the not existent product more often. There are many crimes, concerning the defrauding of information from the cards and the online-crediting [18,29].
According to [21], 4263 cybercrimes were registered in Ukraine in 2019, which caused losses for the sum of 28 mln.UHA, 17 mln.UHA of them were recompensed. The main part of such crimes is the following:  crimes in the application sphere of computers, systems and computer networks, i.e. viruses, attacks and others -1494;  E-Commerce -744;  crimes, connected with the payment systems -1641;  lawless contents -332.
The presented quantity of the revealed cybercrimes is scanty, compared with the European statistics. Let's state that the trustworthy statistics is almost absent, but the available one causes doubts.
The information of NCCC at CNSD of Ukraine [30], concerning the quantity of the cyber-incidents (Table 6), cannot but cause the amazement in the background of the insignificant number of the officially registered cybercrimes. Table 6. Quantity of Fixed Cyber-Incidents (the 9-th of Septemberthe 6-th of December, 2020).

Type of Cyber-Incident Quantity
Scanning Thus, the very significant delitescence exists in the sphere of cybercrimes. The most part of cyberincidents are not registered as crimes.
According to the data of the Ukraine's state statistics, the specific weight of the young people (aged to 30), convicted for the crimes in the application sphere of the electronic-computing machines (computers), the systems and the computer networks, was equal to the following: in 2010 -55,1%, 2012 -45,0%, 2013 -36,7%, 2014 -43,2%, 2015 -41,9%, 2016 -41,7%, 2017 -40,5% [19]. To our mind, such statistics is not grounded enough. The National Agency on Struggle with Criminality (NCA) in Great Britain launched the #CyberChoices campaign for the cybercrime warning. The statistics pushed the NCA to such step: the average age of a cybercriminal reduced from 24 to 17 years old [22]. The age reduction of a cybercriminal was caused by the accessibility of the highly-technological means of communication for the youth and the availability of the mobile access to the networks.
The swindling with the services' use of the mobile communication operators, including the SMSmessages, has become traditional. It's reasonably to divide the offences with the use of the mobile telephone into the following groups: hooliganism (including the telephone terrorism; various types of swindling, aimed against the operators and the subscribers of the mobile communication and others).
The messages on minelaying acquired a special spreading for the last time. Such crimes lead to the pulling away of the police forces, the operation stoppage of the metro (underground), enterprises, the trade complexes, the educational establishments, the state institutions, resulting in the greatest losses. As they informed in the National police of Ukraine, 3730 anonymous messages on the minelaying of buildings and the infrastructure objects came in 2019. Only 750 similar minelayings were fixed last year. Thus, it may be said of the mining of up to five hundred objects in one message [25]. It's very difficult to follow such calls or messages, because, according to the data of the companies "Kyivstar" and "Vodafone Ukraina", 90-96% of Ukrainians use today the mobile communication anonymously. According to the data of the Inter-Bank association of payment cards, EMA, the ill-intentioned persons stole more than 275 mln UHA from the accounts of Ukrainians with the help of calls and SMS-messages. This figure reached 340 mln UHA in 2018, moreover, 80% of the assets were received by the thieves, who gained the card requisites by fraud over the telephone [24].
Besides the scanty number of the registered cybercrimes, it is worth paying the attention to the insufficient degree of their punishment. The data of the General Public Prosecutor's Office, concerning the investigation of a cybercrime, are presented in the Table 7 [26]. We stress on the fact, that besides the significant number of the closed investigations, the quantity statistics of the real punishments is absent.
It's worth emphasizing, that the cyber-criminality reasons are changeless for years. They may be characterized briefly in the following way: for the enterprisesthe insufficient quantity of the qualified professionals in cybersecurity; the computer threats of the new type [28]; carelessness and incompetency of the personnel; for the crossing citizensthe excessive trustfulness, poverty (the use of the licensed software, the absence of the anti-virus protection), the Internetincompetency, carelessness, etc.
Let's indicate that the inefficient struggle is realized with such crimes in Ukraine. For example, the National Bank launched the great program of struggle with the cyber-swindling in 2020. The Anti-crisis center of the business cybernetic protection at the Trade-Industrial Chamber of Ukraine spoke with the proposal to the Ministry of Education and Science that each academic year would begin with the lessons of cyber-hygiene [23]. The cyber-police launched the campaign of knowledge in cybersecurity [27]. The activity of the cyber-police grows every year and the promulgation of the operation results is realized at the professional conferences. As the counter-action to the telephone swindling and terrorism, the petition is located (on October, 19, 2017, on the Official Internet-Representation of Ukraine President) with the demand to oblige the operators of mobile communication to identify all the mobile numbers, according to the owner's documents. The struggle with such type of crimes is only starting.
A special attention is worth being paid to the cybercrimes, aimed at the undermining of the national security, and the global threats, connected with the hacker attacks, which have become the weapon in the hybrid Russian-Ukrainian war.
The demonstrations of such threats are the attacks at the objects of the state's strategic infrastructure, which may be examined as cyber-terrorism. The Ukrainian economy lost $466 mln (or 0,5% of the GDP) only, due to the Petya virus. As Ukraine is faced with the hacker attacks at the state resources every day, the Ukrainian Service of State Security (SSU) has an intention to strengthen its cybersecurity. "The penetration scales into the state information resources strikethe attacks take place almost every day. The conclusions are simplewe need to act immediately and systematically" [20].
The director of the Cisco Representation in Ukraine and the CIS countries for the work with partners and clients, Sergiy Martynchuk (Cyber Defence Congress 2K18) announced that the majority of the great cyberattacks fulfilled not the economic, but the political and military tasks [20].
The Minister of the Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Arsen Avakov, stated at the ZOOM-conference "Digital Transformation of the State: Perspectives and Risks of Cybersecurity" (2020) that the number of cybercrimes in the state grew by twice and a half for the last five years. The cyber-police fixes the growth of the following types of crimes: the interference into the operation of information systems and their intentional damage; the illegal collection, storage, use and spreading of the personal data and information with the limited access; the creation of channels for spreading of weapon and drugs; the illegal financial operations, including the ones with the digital currencies; robbery and swindling in the Internet system; spam and the virus programs [20].
According to [30], the quantity of the cyberincidents, connected with the critical infrastructure, reached 63505 cases, but with the bodies of the state government -2938475 -for the three months of 2020.
The state tries to be opposed to such provocations. The experts of the National Coordination Center of Cybersecurity at the Council of National Security and Defense started to elaborate the Strategy of the Ukraine Cybersecurity. The cyber-police of Ukraine plans to increase the staff of the special agents in the sphere of opposition to cybercrimes of such type in 2021 [23].
Thus, the Situational Center of the cybernetic security provision on the basis of the Department of the Counter-Intelligence protection of the state interests in the sphere of the SSU information security, according to the NATO standards, was created in the SSU in 2018 with the support of the foreign partners. It was developed, according to the agreement on the realization of the Ukraine-NATO Trust Fund. More than $1 mln. were allocated for the project. Its key possibilities are revealing and reacting to the various online incidents, which allow prevent the cyberattacks, determine their origin, analyze for the opposition improvement.

Conclusions
Cyber-criminality at presentis the real global threat, which may go out of any country of the world beyond the limits of the definite jurisdiction (in contrast to the other traditional types of economic crimes).
The COVID-19 pandemic promotes to the growth and spreading of cyber-criminality. At the same time, when the online swindling, the demanding and the sexual violence at children in the Internet are aimed at the separate groups of persons, the programsdemanders, in the first turn, undermine the operation of the organizations, including the hospitals.
The distance work increased the number of the potential victims of cyber-criminality. Working online from home, people are subjected to the bigger risk than at the usual mode of operation.
Thus, the introduction of digital technologies at enterprises, information technologies (IT) for information protection, causes the appearance of the new form of counteractioncyber-insurance.
In the result of the research we have come to the conclusion, that Ukraine fights the above mentioned problems, but organization of such a fight compared to the highly developed countries is at the initial stage. As the necessary conditions for increasing fight efficiency with cyber-criminality can be named the following: the reasoned scientific analysis of such problems, the upto-date legislative provision, the increasing financial support of appropriate organs for strengthening their personnel and technical potential.