Lexico-semantic field of the concept "power" (based on the material of "Domostroy" and "The legend of princess Olga")

. Quite a large number of linguistic works are aimed at understanding the essence of power, the main task of which is to reconstruct the perception and attitude to power. This article attempts to analyze the lexical and semantic field of the concept "POWER", with special attention paid to the meanings of the word "power". The illustrative material is the Dictionary of the Russian language, as well as the Old Russian texts "Domostroy" and "The Legend of Princess Olga". The description of the lexical and semantic field of the concept of "Power" based on the material of these texts allows one to identify the initial ideas about the phenomenon of power.


Introduction
Like any phenomenon of human life, power has always been the object of a significant number of researchers' attention. Today, there are different approaches to understanding power, partly due to the fact that the semantics of the word power is extremely variable, closely related to such concepts as "state", "influence", "domination", "strength", etc. In this regard, the study of the lexical and semantic field of the concept of "POWER" will allow one to consider the historically changing structure of semantic relations of concepts that come into contact with the perception of power. In order to understand the deep meanings of the word, it is necessary to consider the history of the native lexemes' origin. The above-mentioned definitions denote the perception and attitude to the power of society at the stages of its formation and reflect the historically changing idea of the people about state unity and state power, and the development of the Russian state. Referring to the Dictionary of the Russian language, one can distinguish the following meanings of the word power: 1 'The right to govern the state, political domination, rights and powers of state bodies'. 2. 'Public administration bodies, government, officials, superiors'. 3. 'The right and ability to command, rule, or control someone or something'. 4. 'Strength, dominion, power'. Your poweras you please, your business. In my (your, his, etc.) power -'depends on me, concerns me'. In power or under power -'under effect, under influence'. To surrender to power, to surrender or indulge in power -'to submit to someone or something, to be influenced by someone or something'. To lose control over oneself -to 'lose self-control'. The verb to rule is used in the meanings of 'to govern, to rule (a country, a state), subjugating to one's will; to

Materials and methods
In this article, we used the descriptive method of the lexical-semantic field of the concept "POWER", which is characterized by a hierarchical organization of meanings that are included in the concept and add particular meanings to it, not only in terms of content, but also in terms of expression.
The material for this study was the dictionaries of the Old Russian language and the Dictionary of the Russian Language, which reflect the codified meanings of the word "power". The choice of the Old Russian texts "Domostroy" and "The Legend of Princess Olga" is not accidental, since it is in these works of Old Russian literature that the foundations of the perception of power as such are laid. Turning to the study of "The Legend of Princess Olga", it is important to note that this work is part of the "Staid Royal Genealogy" (in scientific usage -"The Staid Book"), the main purpose of which is to form ideological ideas about the origins and meaning of power. The central idea of "The Staid Book", which includes the "Legend", is to present Russian history as the acts of the holy Moscow sovereigns and their ancestors. As D.S. Likhachev notes, "if earlier in the chronicle narrative the discontinuity and jumps from one episode to another were supposed to portray the insignificance of what is happening in this world in contrast to the significant -eternity, now it is time when the opposite was emphasized -the significance of everything that is happening in this world. If earlier the past was presented as a kind of events scattering, and historical writings presented history in fragments, then in the XVI century, history sought to turn into a coherent and plot narrative" [5: 9]. It is in "The Staid Book" that great importance is paid to the origin of the tsarist power in Russia, through the endowment of princes with such qualities as wisdom and piety, unquestioning submission to the legitimate power is formed, and the connection between secular and ecclesiastical power is emphasized.
In the center of "The Staid Book" narrative is a description of the personalities of the princes, combining personal history with the history of Russia.
The use of the vocative forms of the autocrat, the sovereign, gives the narrative a high tone, since in the XVI century this form gradually begins to be lost. It should be noted that the expression of royal power was a bold innovation of the authors of "The Staid Book", since previously the forms of addresses tsar, sovereign, autocrat in relation to princes were not used: these forms began to be used regularly only since the time of Ivan III (mainly in diplomatic texts). "Vasily III, who succeeded Ivan III, was content with the old title of "Grand Duke". His son Ivan IV the Fearsome was crowned King of All Russia when he came full age (1547), thus establishing his prestige in the eyes of his subjects as a sovereign ruler and heir to the Byzantine emperors (abroad, his title was either not recognized or left without translation)" [1: 67].
In addition to the above-mentioned appeals, the word "power holder" is found in the text of the "Legend": "Убийцам супруга своего Ольга месть возда, яко же властодержателие обычай имЪху" [p.258]. In this case, the word has a broad meaning of 'having power'. It should also be noted that the author of the text always makes an amendment to the custom or tradition, if he tells about the pagan rites of the princes: "И ина многа плачевная притворяше глаголы и повелЪ могилу сыпати надъ Игорем и тризны творити, яко же есть обычай в невЪрныхъ" [3: 256].
The earlier meaning of the word power -'region, principality, possession of property' -is also presented in the text of the "Legend". [7: 444-446], while the attribute of possession is explicated mainly in verb forms: "Игорь повоева страны Финическия и по Понту, и до Ираклия … всю Никомидийскую землю полони" [3: 256]. Verbs presented in the form of an aorist (povoeva and poloni)) have the general meaning of 'to conquer, to subordinate to your will'. In this case, power is the possession of lands that are subject to the princely will.
Any disobedience to the prescribed rules entails more punishment of God, the innocent is excommunicated from the church, he is cursed by the people, he can be subjected to public execution. This submission to authority is regarded as a blessing. At the same time, the following observation is significant: regardless of the object of worship (tsar, prince, nobleman, elders or parents), in the "Domostroy", action is transmitted in similar imperative forms (честь воздавай, поклонение твори, подобает чьтити и повиноватися).
The very form of violence is relatively new, since in the dictionary of the Old Russian language (XI-XIV), the meaning of "to force, to put pressure on someone" was inherent in the word force. In this case, power can be understood as an illegal manifestation of force.
Closely related to the subject of subordination are the nominative forms denoting social position. There are the following nominations in "Domostroy" for people who have the right to exercise power: monarch and monarchess: In the dictionary of Dal, monarch has the meaning of 'secular ruler, supreme head of the country, sovereign person': "Какое питье носити про государя и государыни и про семью… все чинити и дЪлати и отдавати по государеву наказу" [2:140].
In "Domostroy", this word can equally mean both the supreme head of state and an influential person. "The word monarch comes from the ancient gospodar -an ancient Slavic word with the same meaning as the collective the God, Gods, but only in relation to the worldly subject of action. The sovereign is at the head of the state at first simply as the master, the owner of his estates, he is the lord, that is, in the sense of the original word, it is the God. All the free members of society subject to him are also sovereigns, but this time in relation to lower degrees of social rank, which in turn are called by the same word, but already in a household abbreviation: not the sovereign, but the ruler" [4: 171].
-a special place in "Domostroy" is occupied by servants who have the right to observe and monitor the serfs, they include the clerk, the butler, the housekeeper.
The word butler has the meaning of 'senior servant in the house, head of the household and servants'. Since the XVII century, the word denotes a yard title, and even later it is used in the meaning of 'manager of the economy in landowners' estates and city mansions in Russia'. In contrast to the previous word jemadar with the meaning of "hired person at a merchant or in some commercial institution, who performed errands of a commercial nature, engaged in trade in the store by proxy of the owner" in Old Russian dictionaries is not found, which may indicate a later occurrence of this word, however, in "Domostroy" the nomination jemadar is also used: ".. и у торговцовъ, и у всякихъ своихъ прикащиковъ всегда всего пересматривати и пытати…" [2: 152].
The general meaning of key-keeper token is 'an employee who was in charge of the food supplies of the house, family and carried the keys to the places where they were stored'. If we turn to the etymology of this word, it turns out that it arose as a result of the metonymic transfer of the meaning 'to walk taking keys or with keys'.
The word housemates means 'people who live in someone's family on the rights of its members'. Domestics were the persons who formed the yard staff of the Russian princes, great and specific, in Ancient Russia, which greatly expanded under the Moscow Grand Duke and reached its highest flourishing under the "sovereign, tsar and Grand Duke of Moscow and all Russia". "The yard people, in the absence of strict distinctions in the state system of ancient Russia, were not exclusively courtiers or managers of the private affairs of the Grand Duke and the tsar of Moscow; they performed various administrative, judicial and military positions. The composition of the "yard" included: key-keepers, solicitors, sytniki, podklyuchniki; clerks, grooms, stirrups, solicitors, etc." [6: 99].
It can be assumed that both words in "Domostroy" are used in the more general sense of "belonging to or relating to a house or yard". Moreover, this monument, obviously, describes for the most part the house of the prince or directly the sovereign's yard, since it lists the courtyards that were related to the sovereign.
The word valetry in Ancient Russia VI-X centuries. was used to refer to slaves. They were completely disenfranchised. People who became slaves for other reasons were called bondmen. The sources of servitude were: self-sale, marriage to a slave "without a row", the entry of "without a row" into the position of tiun or housekeeper. .In the XVIII-XIX centuries the word "valetry" meant the yard people of the landowner.