Comparative analysis of human development indicators: Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region

Human development is more than a question of the accumulation of wealth, income, or economic growth. It must be human-centred. This is why concerns as necessary as respect for human rights, the reduction of social inequalities and poverty, the promotion of equal opportunities between men and women are indeed relevant. This considers human resources not only as a means of growth but, more fundamentally, as an end of growth. The demographic variable was always a serious problem to decision-makers in different countries. It is considered to be at the root of the various handicaps of development. Morocco has carried out throughout the last forty years’ population policies to improve the well-being of its citizens. To highlight regional and provincial disparities in Morocco, we are based in this work on indices of human development, namely, SDI, ASDI, MLDI using the process of the data warehouse. Finally, we have analyzed and visualized these indices with Power BI software to make a comparative analysis of TTA provinces. Findings show that Tanger-Assilah province has a great value with 0.77 of MLDI. However, Chefchaouen province has the less one with 0.56. This study has been performed to help to establish efficient decisions and making operational insights.


Introduction
With the publishing of its first annual Human Development Report in 1990 (HDR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) changed the perception of development theory, measurement, policy, and the introduction of the Human Development Index. HDR 1990 presented the concept of "human development" as progress towards greater human wellbeing, and provided country-level data for a wide range of wellbeing indicators. The UNDP's establishment of the HDR expanded both the availability of measurement and comparison tools used by governments, NGOs, and researchers and our common understanding of development itself. Key capabilities are instrumentals in HDI including proxies for three important ends of development: access to health, education, and goods [1]. While the HDI allows for a comparison ranking of countries, it has flaws, such as not being highly descriptive at finer geographical scales. It also lacks a dynamic and less static explanation of observed progress or delays. To address these limitations, we will use indicators that are more adapted to the Moroccan scenario, are available at sub-national scales, and incorporate two elements of the HDI, namely education and health. We aim to diagnose and resolve a challenge in our work: how to measure the degree of human and social development at the provincial level while accounting for regional variations, and how to determine inter-regional disparities and therefore uncover continuous deficits [2].

Human development index HDI
The HDI is an index that evaluates various aspects of human development. The three main dimensions are: a long and healthy life measured by life expectancy expressed as Ih, access to education measured by expected years of schooling of children at school-entry age and mean years of schooling of the adult population described as Ie, and a decent standard of living measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita adjusted for the price level of the country described by !i" [3].
After each of the component indices has been defined, the HDI is calculated by combining them. As shown in (1), the HDI is determined as the geometric mean of life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita:

Social development index SDI
It is a two-dimensional indicator proposed by the [3] National Observatory for Human Development and based on education and health. The rate of medical supervision measured at the provincial level is employed as an indicator for the health dimension denoted by the medical index MI. The success rate at the end of the college cycle is used as the indicator for the education dimension, which is stated in the school index SI. The proposed SDI is defined as the arithmetic mean of the SI and MI indices computed for each of the two dimensions (2).
The higher the SDI, the higher the level of human development in a specific area [3]. Its value might range from 80 to more than 125 points.

African social development index ASDI
This index, also known as the human exclusion index, was proposed by High Commission for Planning (HCP) and developed in collaboration with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). It allows for the diagnosis of socio-economic development at the national and local levels in order to measure the impact of public resources on the populations who need them the most [4].
The dimensions thus retained for its calculation relate to infant mortality expressed by dEx im , child malnutrition defined by dEx chm , illiteracy defined by dEx Lr and unemployment among young people aged 15-24 expressed by dEx Yu ,poverty measured at the national threshold expressed by dEx np and finally life expectancy at 60 years expressed by dEx Le [2].We aggregate the levels of exclusion in each of the six dimensions [4] as showed in (3): 4.$! = 567 89 + 567 <=9 + 567 >? + 567 ! + 567 "# + 567 >$ ASDI's value can range between 0 and 1, and it varies in the opposite direction, i.e. The lower the ASDI, the less the region is affected by human exclusion.

Multidimensional local development index MLDI
The MLDI is a measure of development based on indicators available at the municipal level [4].It is based on six dimensions are: the health dimension which is measured by the chances of survival beyond 70 and life expectancy at 60 and expressed by HI, education by the literacy rate, the proportion of the population knowing Arabic and French and the proportion of the population having completed college, high school or higher expressed by EI, employment by unemployment rate and paid employment measured by EmI, the housing condition by the percentage of households living in non-basic housing, villas or Moroccan houses, etc and which is expressed by ShI , access to social service by SsI,and finally, the living environment expressed by LeI.
The dimensional indices are calculated for each of the six dimensions selected. Their simple arithmetic mean gives the MLDI value. Its value varies between 0 and 1 [4]:

Decision-making
Decision making is to assess and make choices. This decision was taken after going through several calculations and alternative considerations. Before the choice is made, there are several stages that may be passed by the decision maker. This stage may include identifying the main problems, developing alternatives to be chosen and arriving at the best decision making [5]. Infographics, charts, plots, graphs, and maps play an important role in decisionmaking because they synthesize and display the findings [6].

Data collection
Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements, it allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research problem. Whatever philosophical standpoint the researcher is taking and whatever the data collection method the process will involve the generation of large amounts of data [7].

Data sources
The data used in this project are those of the three indices SDI, MLDI and ASDI for TTA region in 2014.We obtained this data from ONDH on which we have based our calculations for SDI and also another data obtained from HCP which concerns the index ASDI [8].
The index calculated in this project is the SDI which is expressed as the arithmetic mean of the indicators obtained for each of the two dimensions, education and health, as mentioned. The higher the SDI, the more satisfactory the level of human development of the territory is [8].
Remark: Because of the lack in data, we had to work with previously calculated indexes such as ASDI and MLDI [8] .

Data Modelling
Data modelling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a database. This data model is a conceptual representation of data objects, the associations between different data objects, and the rules [9].Star schema is the most common modeling paradigm [10].

Data warehouse
A data warehouse is a database designed for the business intelligence requirements and managerial decision making of an organization. The data warehouse integrates data from the various operational systems and is typically loaded from these systems at regular intervals. It contains historical information that enables the analysis of business performance over time. The data are subject oriented, integrated, time variant, and nonvolatile [11]. For this reason, there are several challenges associated with building data warehouses, these challenges are data quality, understanding data, testing, performance, designing the DW, cost, and security [12].
Basically, external data source major step involved in integration of data to data warehouse as discussed above which are four steps [13]: Data source identification, data extraction, data transformation and data loading.

Data storage
Data storage is a general term for archiving data in electromagnetic or other forms for use by a computer or device.

Database visualization
In order to analyze our data, we have visualized them used Power BI software which is a cloud-based business analytics service from Microsoft that enables anyone to visualize and analyze data, with better speed and efficiency. It is a powerful as well as a flexible tool for connecting with and analyzing a wide variety of data. This feature helps to perform tasks like sorting, comparing and analyzing, very easily and fast. First, we visualized the data obtained by ONDH of each prefecture of TTA region in 2014.We follow the level of social development in each province by analyzing SDI. Secondly we analyzed the MLDI. Then, we compared the results obtained by the analysis of the SDI and the visualization results of the MLDI in order to assess and identify social deficits to measure the impact of public resources on the populations who need them the most. And then, we will perform the visualizations of ASDI.

School delay for the TTA region
The delay in the college cycle varies from one province to another in TTA region. This variation fluctuates between 1.17 in M'diq-Fnidaq and 1.92 in Chefchaouen. So a child from Chefchaouen province can easily fall behind by one school year more than a child from M'diq-Fnidaq or Tetouan compared to the normal age. Compared to the national average, only the provinces of M'diq-Fnidaq-Tetouan and the prefecture of Tangier-Assilah which are in a comfortable situation. The other five provinces have significantly higher delays.

Public medical supervision in the TTA region
For the TTA region, only the provinces of Al Hoceima, Tetouan and that of M'diq-Fnidaq, which have a satisfactory average compared to the national average in terms of medical supervision. While for the other provinces of the region, interventions must be carried out to compensate for the denoted deficit.

School and medical index for the TTA region
In the case of the provinces of Tangier-Tetouan-al Hoceima region, there are overall deficits in education and health, more particularly for the province of Chefchaouen, followed by that of Ouezzane which is moderately good in terms of its school index. In the average performance zone, we find the prefecture of Tangier-Assilah and the province of Larache, which are characterized by acceptable levels of performance in both sectors. The province of Fahs-Anjra is at an average level in health but requires efforts in the education sector. The province of Al Hoceima is in a comfortable health situation but clearly out of step with regard to education. The two provinces which note satisfactory performances in education and health are the provinces of M'diq Fnidaq and Tetouan.

Social development index SDI for the TTA region
Based on the arithmetic mean of the two indices SI and MI, we obtain as a product an index which synthesizes the level of social development in each of the prefectures/ provinces of the region.   Regarding the MLDI, it shows that TTA among regions whose level of development is significantly lower than the national average of the MLDI 0.700 with a value of 0.683. The underdevelopment of the region is attributed, according to the results of MLDI, to its mountainous areas, difficult to access and under-equipped in social infrastructure. The most developed provinces are Tanger-Assilah 0.770, and M'diq-Fnidaq 0.757. Tetouan 0.716 and Larache 0.662 have a level of development comparable to the national average. And finally, the lowest levels of development were recorded in Chefchaouen 0.555, Ouezzane 0.606, Fahs-Anjra 0.612, and Al Hoceima 0. 613.The two indices SDI and MLDI give almost the same results concerning the order of the provinces at the level of their social development. In fact, we find Chefchaouen, Ouezzane and Fahs-Anjra are still among the most affected prefectures. Unlike Tanger-Assilah, M'diq-Fnidaq, Tetouan and Larache vary between the two good and medium performance classes.
The ASDI index has values only on the regional level; it shows that TTA region belong to the regions least affected by human exclusion with an ASDI value equal to 0.85 (Fig.5).

Conclusion
The work presented in this article has as a goal analyzing and comparison of the human development indicators according to regions and at most delicate territorial scales. The analysis carried out in this context makes it possible to identify the provinces that show the most disparities in terms of social development. This analysis was essentially based on the modelling of a decision-making system that serves, via a multitude of functionalities it offers, decision-making assistance and advocacy tool for the detection of corridors of territorial deficits in education and health in the eight provinces of the TTA region. Therefore, future prospects are to carry out a thorough and precise study for the construction of a strategic plan based on a geographic information system (GIS), taking into account the indicators mentioned to measure sustainable development in the TTA provinces.