The concept of schastie/bakht (happiness) in the Russian and Uzbek phraseology

The article considers the concept of Schastie/Bakht (Happiness) in the Russian and Uzbek linguistic cultures as one of the most important universal concepts with a national component. On the one hand, the study is conditioned by the interest of modern contrastive linguistics in the comparative research of concepts with a national component. On the other hand, it continues scientific works concerned with the concept of Schastie in the Russian linguistic culture and the concept of Bakht in the Uzbek linguistic culture. The novelty of this study is determined by the fact that this concept is compared for the first time using set phrases of two languages and based on an analytical review of the relevant sources. The article aims at determining common and different components for the Uzbek and Russian linguistic cultures with regard to the Happiness concept (according to the data obtained from the analysis of the above-mentioned material). The article presents the results of an analytical review of studies on the concept of Schastie in the Russian linguistic culture and the concept of Bakht in the Uzbek linguistic culture, as well as contrastive analysis of phraseological units related to the verbalization of these concepts. To analyze and compare idioms of two unrelated languages (Russian and Uzbek) and ways of verbalizing the concept, the authors used the method of linguistic and cultural description supplemented by the component analysis of lexemes and the comparative method. As a result, general and specific meanings for the words “schastie” and “bakht” were identified, as well as general and specific components of the Happiness concept.


Introduction
Happiness is a universal concept. It is an important element of the folklore of various peoples [1], a crucial theme of literary texts and paintings [2], the subject of reflections of thinkers and philosophers [3][4][5], the research object of various sciences [6,7]. It is fixed in the system of lexemes, proverbs, sayings and set phrases united by the corresponding component of the meaning. Scholars have been studying the concept of Schastie in various forms of its Russian verbalization. There are many relevant studies in the Uzbek language. Summarizing the results of linguistic research available in relation to the Russian concept [8][9][10][11], we should note the most developed scientific ideas about its content in phraseology [8] and the Russian classical literature [9]. The Russian phraseology embraces such meanings and components of the concept of Schastie as "joy" ("to be in seventh heaven from happiness"), "hard work" (necessary to achieve happiness: "to forge one's happiness"); "love and harmony" ("love and harmony is happiness"); "inconstancy" and "accident" ("it is easy to find happiness but it is even easier to lose it"; "happiness is a free bird, wherever it wants, it settles there", "happiness and misfortune are close neighbors"); "falsity, deceit" ("do not believe in happiness at all"; "do not believe in happiness, but do not be afraid of trouble"); "personal fate" ("to each their own happiness"; "happiness is not in one's will but rather in one's fate").
The Russian classical literature offers new components of the concept: "happiness as a valuable experience" ("They say that misfortune is a good school, maybe. Yes, true. But happiness is the best university" by A.S. Pushkin); "sacrificial service" as an element of personal happiness ("There is only one undoubted happiness in life -to live for another" by N.G. Chernyshevsky; "The desire to serve the common good must without fail be a requisite of the soul, a necessity for personal happiness" by A.P. Chekhov); "consciousness in fostering a sense of happiness" ("The secret of happiness is not always doing what you want, but always wanting what you do" by L.N. Tolstoy).

Methods
There are no special contrastive linguistic studies of the Schastie/Bakht concept in the Russian and Uzbek languages, therefore this article tries to summarize studies based on phraseology, explanatory dictionaries and comparative-analytical review of the results available in relation to the concept of Schastie in the Russian linguistic culture and the concept of Bakht in the Uzbek linguistic culture. To analyze and compare idioms of two unrelated languages (Russian and Uzbek) and ways of verbalizing the concept, we used the method of linguistic and cultural description supplemented by the component analysis of lexemes. As a result, general scientific methods of analysis and comparison were applied to generalize the results available in various studies of the concept of Schastie/Bakht.

Results and discussion
Let us turn to the meanings of the basic words for the above-mentioned concept in the Russian and Uzbek languages, respectively. According to the Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, the "schastie" word has four meanings: "1. A state of supreme satisfaction with life, a feeling of deep contentment and joy experienced by somebody; external manifestation of this feeling. <…> 2. Success, luck. <…> 3. Colloquial. Fate, fortune, destiny. <…> 4. As a predicate (with a subordinate clause, with an infinitive). It is good that. <…>" [14].
As we can see from the meanings of the key words denoting this universal concept in the Russian and Uzbek languages and noted in modern dictionaries, the concept in the two cultures is by no means identical. It coincides in such meanings as "the (highest) satisfaction" and "luck" and does not coincide in the other meanings or their components: "fate, destiny" and "good, successful" (typical of the Russian word "schastie"), "bliss, well-being" (common only to the Uzbek word "bakht"), "the results of one's activities, achievements, the realization of goals and desires" (components of the meaning are highlighted in the first meaning of the word "bakht" in the dictionary of the Uzbek language).
These data are not accurate. In conformity with the arguments provided by S.G. Vorkacheva (in particular, the presence of the word "blazhenstvo" (bliss) in the Russian language as a semantic doublet of the word "schastie" (happiness) [11], we can claim that "bliss" is a meaning equally significant for the Uzbek concept Bakht and the Russian concept Schastie.
While comparing the above-mentioned studies of set phrases, we have clarified the following facts: in addition to the general meaning of "joy", the Russian and Uzbek phraseology is united by such common components of the Schastie/Bakht concept as "labor", "consent", "inconstancy" and "fate, destiny". At the same time, the Uzbek phraseology does not contain the meanings of "falsity", "deceit", "individuality" and "love" typical of the Russian phraseology. In the latter, such significant Uzbek components as "friendship", "loyalty", "happiness of children" and "knowledge" are not expressed.
These data show that in the case of comparing the meanings of "schastie" and "bakht" in modern Russian and Uzbek, one should speak not of complete, but of their partial equivalence (in terms of V.G. Kostomarov and E.M. Vereshchagin [16]). In this regard, the Schastie/Bakht concept is a national component of the universal concept. To clarify the specifics of this national component in relation to the Russian and Uzbek languages, it seems necessary to compare the figures of speech that verbalize the concept and actualize, respectively, the words "schastie" and "bakht".
It is worth mentioning that some Uzbek figures of speech have no equivalents in Russian: "El boқsa, bakhting kular, el boқmasa, takhting kular" -literally: "if you are respected by people, you will surely have a good deal of luck, your throne will collapse if people turn away from you"; "Bakht қushi (bakhti ҳumoyun) boshiga қўndi" -literally: "a bird of happiness sat down on one's head"; "Bakht қushini қўlga kiritmoқ" -literally: "to grab the bird of happiness"; "Ota-ona farzandiga takht yaratadi-yu, bakht yarat olmaidi" -literally: "parents give their children a dowry (wealth), but happiness is beyond their powers".
The "bakht" root is a component of the following male and female names: "Bakhtiyor" (as a kind of well-wishing -let luck and happiness accompany the one who bears this name), "Bakhtigul" (literally: "a flower of happiness") and "Bakhtinur" (literally: "illuminated by happiness"). This tradition has no parallels in the Russian language.
The same can be said about Russian phraseology. Spiritual and moral set phrases like "Happy is he whose conscience is calm"; "Happy is he who lives without sins"; "Happy is he who does not drink wine"; "Where there is truth, there is happiness" do not have analogs in the Uzbek language.

Conclusion
Summarizing the study results, we can provide the following statements: the abovementioned universal concept is not identical in the Uzbek and Russian linguistic cultures. The concepts of Schastie and Bakht coincide in such basic components (meanings) as "the (highest) satisfaction", "well-being", "luck", "fate, destiny", as well as in such peripheral components as "labor", "consent" and "impermanence". These semes indicate the path to happiness (work, harmony) or an important characteristic of happiness (impermanence).
There are associations of stable power with the respect of people, happiness with a mythological bird, an emphasis on the connection between children and parents, including the ability of parents to contribute to the happiness of their child through the choice of a name, as well as associations of happiness with friendship, loyalty and knowledge. Of course, all these components express the national specifics of the universal concept of Schastie/Bakht in the Uzbek linguistic culture.
According to this study, the national specifics of the concept of Schastie in the Russian linguistic culture embraces the associations of happiness with the truth, a clear conscience and a righteous way of life, including those components that were highlighted in the comparative-analytical review of available works: "falsity, deceit", "individuality" and "love".