Lexico-semantic unit “Man” based on the material of the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia

The paper studies the specifics of the linguistic reflection of the image of a person in the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia. Despite the available research, the issue of the preservation of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Arctic remains relevant in our time. It is of great interest in terms of geostrategic location, natural resources and human potential. The purpose is to describe the composition of the lexical-semantic unit “Man” in the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia. The source of the material was the four-volume Dictionary of Russian Old-Time Dialects on the Territory of Yakutia by M.F. Druzhinina. The method of continuous sampling was used to identify 95 lexical units that form the LSU “Man”.The structure of the unit includes the following lexical and semantic groups: physical, personal and social characteristics of a man. Intraunit systemic relations are characterized by the presence of a variety of paradigmatic connections: derivational synonyms, inflectional variants, phonemic doublets, antonymic and synonymous pairs, hypo-hyponymic and hyper-hyponymic relations, derivational series. The Nizhnekolymsk dialects are a monument of the Russian old-timers’ culture, which is a result of interethnic and cultural contacts between the newcomers and the local population, as well as the influence of natural conditions. The processes of globalization, integration and industrial development of the Arctic accelerate the assimilation of Russian old-timers from Nizhny Kolyma, which makes the problem of the preservation of their ethnocultural identity relevant.


Introduction
The unique character and identity of the Arctic oldtimers culture has invariably attracted the attention of researchers. The study of the North-East of Yakutia began in the 19th century with reports, diary entries and observations by M.M. Gedenstrom, F.P. Wrangel, G.L. Meidel and others. The attempts to classify Russian dialects of the Siberian language array are presented already in the first special scientific studies by A.M. Selishchev, P. Ya. Chernykh, A.M. Selishchev studied dialectical groups, sound composition and forms of lexemes in the study "Dialectological review of Siberia" [1].
Then this issue was reflected in the works of the largest dialectologists of Siberia O.I. Blinova, N.T. Bukhareva, V.V. Palagina, V.A. Senkevich, A.I. Fedorov and others. Thus, back in 1982, a researcher A.I. Fedorov in his work "Russian language in Siberia" [2] wrote that the old-timers separated themselves from the visiting Russians, noting linguistic differences and that the scientific study of the semantics of lexical layers is an urgent problem of northern linguistics.
The topic of lexical features in the language of the Nizhnekolymsk old-timers of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), connected with the issues of self-ethnic identification, is covered by philologists N.B. Vakhtin, E.V. Golovko, P. Schweitzer. The researchers note that Russian old-timers, campers and Russians from Ustye, considered themselves to be a kind of isolated ethnic group and note their difference from other peoples.
On the one hand, their ethnic identity keeps the injection of civilization, once brought to these lands by their ancestors: Cossacks, bourgeois or peasants. On the other hand, they inherited the distinctive characteristics of food, clothing, economy, behavior and national character from their local ancestors [3]. A.A. Burykin compiled a lexicographic description of the Russian oldtimers' dialects of Yakutia in areal, functional-stylistic and etymological terms [4].
A.E. Anikin studies the historical and typological features of the linguistic geography of Russian old-time dialects in the course of their contacts with the languages of Siberia and used the obtained data to model ancient linguistic contacts [5]. In addition, he devoted a series of publications to the origin and history of the Russian-Siberian designations of ships and boats, which played a significant role in the development of vast areas of the North and Siberia. [6,7].
The specificity of the linguistic reflection of the image of a man in the linguistic picture of the world of the descendants of Russian old-timers, compactly living in the North, Siberia and the Far East, including in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), has always attracted the attention of Russian researchers. Within the framework of modern anthropological SHS Web of Conferences 134, 00079 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400079 EURO-ASIAN LAW CONGRESS 2021 research, the article by T.A. Berdnikova, Ya.Ya. Gorbunova, G.E. Zhondorova and I.P. Pavlova "The image of a Russian man in the northern picture of the world (based on the Russian old-time dialects of Yakutia) " analyzes a man from the point of view of his appearance, character, attitude to work, his language and relationships with representatives of other nations. [8] The ethnolinguistic aspect of the study of the vocabulary of Russian old-time dialects of Yakutia is the subject area of A.Yu. Buldakova and I.P. Pavlova. The authors conclude that the linguistic worlview of the descendants of Russian settlers clearly reflects the realities of the particular life of a person in the North [9, 10] I.P. Pavlova and Ya.Ya. Gorbunova considered the linguocultural features of man nominations, as well as the names of methods and means of hunting in Russian old-timers' dialects [11].
G.E. Zhondorova reveals the structure of the concept of a person and the specifics of its linguistic representation in Russian dialects used by the old residents of Yakutia [12]. Also she considers such segments of the linguistic old-time worldview as means of transportation and clothing [13]. A significant contribution to the development of dialectology of Russian old-timers of Indigirka and Kolyma was made by V.G. Bogoraz, M.F. Druzhinin, G.V. Zotov, N.G. Samsonov and A.G. Chikachev. The materials of the Russian old-time dialect of the Russian Ustye are unique and reflect the life of a person in the North. The materials were collected during dialectological expeditions conducted by a local historian writer, connoisseur of the original culture of the Nizhneindigir old-timers A.G. Chikachev [14].
The materials of dialectological and phraseological dictionaries edited by M.F. Druzhinina [15,16,17,18]. They present concepts that are separate for a given language, vividly reflecting the anthropocentricity of the linguistic worldview of the Russian old-time population of Yakutia. The dictionaries of M.F. Druzhinina contain a unique lexicon of the surviving rare dialects of the Russian language in the Arctic region. Accordingly, they served as a source of material for the analysis of the LSU "Man" in our study.
Today the problem of the preservation of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Arctic is still relevant. It is of great interest in terms of geostrategic location, natural resources and human potential. The vocabulary of Siberian and Far Eastern old-timers' dialects was formed on the basis of North Russian dialects, modified under the influence of the Yukaghir and Even languages. The pioneers, Russian Cossacks, who were exploring the northern expanses, found themselves in harsh littleexplored geographical and climatic conditions, surrounded by foreign-speaking indigenous people. They began to contact the local population, enriching each other with everyday knowledge and skills in the conditions of the northern region.
Despite a large number of anthropocentric studies considering the phenomenon of "Man" and the linguistic image of a man in the picture of the world, the dialectal material of the Russian old-time dialects of Yakutia requires further systematization and description, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose is to describe the composition of the lexical-semantic unit "Man" in the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. to choose from the dictionary by M.F. Druzhinina names related to LSU "Man"; 2. to classify them into subgroups; 3. to analyze the systemic relationships of this LSU. Different researchers construct the LSU "Man" in different ways. For example, S.M. Tilloeva [19] analyzes the structure of the LSU "Man" in a comparative aspect based on the material of the Russian, Tajik and Persian languages. She distinguishes two lexico-semantic groups in its composition: "The inner world of a person" and "The external appearance of a person". E.V. Erofeeva, E.A. Pepelyaeva studies the structure of the lexicalsemantic field "Man" in the linguistic consciousness of the native speakers of the Russian language. The most important component of the understanding of a person by Russian speakers is his emotional assessment: the words of this subgroup make up almost a third of the entire vocabulary.
The core of the unit "Man" is formed by the external, gender, age and basic social (profession, family, nationality) characteristics of a person. Thematic and ideographic classification of the LSU "Man" by T.A. Litvinova was developed on the basis of the Voronezh dialects and includes such microfields as "man as a living being", "man as a thinking, feeling and volitional being", "man as a social being" [20]. I.P. Pavlova, Ya. Ya. Gorbunov classified the evaluative nominations of a person according to five parameters: demeanor and speaking, character traits, attitude to work, appearance and physical condition, mental abilities [21].

Materials and methods
In our research, we focus on the study of the representation of the image of a man in the linguistic worldview of the Nizhny Kolyma old-time dialects of the republic. As a result of the development and settlement of territories along the bed of the Nizhnyaya Kolyma River by Russian settlers, a special old-time dialect culture arose. It is determined by "the specifics of the natural conditions of existence and interethnic cultural contacts [22].
The main lexicographic source was the four-volume Dictionary of Russian Old-Time Dialects on the Territory of Yakutia by M.F. Druzhinina. Regional Dictionary of the Kolyma Russian Dialect by V.G. Bogoraz and Dictionary of regional vocabulary of the Far North-East of Russia by G.V. Zotov.
In the work the following methods were used statistical, descriptive, comparative, lexico-semantic. By the method of continuous sampling, we identified 99 lexical units that form the LSU "Man". After the analysis of various approaches to the classification of LSU, we developed a three-component structure of the unit, including the physical, personal and social characteristics of a person.

Research and analysis
Physical characteristics of a person -23 As a rule, in the extreme conditions of the North healthy and strong people survived, for which the following single-root lexemes were used: DYUZHOY, DYUZHYT, DYUZHINA. The word OSILOK is similar in the semantics. The opposite meaning to the word DYUZHOY is expressed by the word form ZADUSHNOY.
The ethnographers and linguists of the 19th century, V.L. Seroshevsky, E.K. Pekarsky, note that such a type of nervous disease as meryak or polar hysteria, accompanied by violent seizures. It was widespread among the inhabitants of the Eastern Siberia. Moreover, women were most often exposed to it. To designate such patients, the following nominations were used: WILD; EMERYACHKA. The adjective EMERYACHNOY is formed from the last word To name a sick child, the word-formative variants of VYPOROTOK/VYPOROTOCHEK are used in a figurative sense, which mean 'premature deer cub'.
The traditional occupations of local population were hunting, fishing and reindeer herding, so it was important to be able to shoot accurately, jump, cover long distances, both on water and on land, and have good eyesight. These qualities are expressed in the following words: METKACH; SKAKUNETS; LEGACH; VIDCHIVOY.
The speech characteristics of a man who speaks a lot is reflected in the following nominations: GOVOROK and GOVORUKHA; ALYAS, ALYASNIK. There is also a verb in the dialect. Russian folklore EMELYA also aptly characterizes a talker, an inventor, a dreamer, who, most likely, is a squeeze, a compression of the Russian proverb "go on, Emelya -you'll bend my ear! SHEPETENKA is used to describe an outwardly attractive person. This diminutive adjective has a neutral variant with SHEPETKOY, and also forms an adverb -SHEPETKO.

Personal characteristics -37
In the linguistic consciousness of any people, first of all, the first thing that is reflected is a deviation from a norm. This is confirmed by the large volume and diversification of lexical units that name negative qualities, character traits and antisocial behavior: In the names of the children, the species word is recorded. Special names exist for an illegitimate child: lexems ZAUGOL'NIK/ZAUGOL'NICA form a pair by gender; DEVOCHIY REBONOK.
In the territorial dialects of the Russian language, there are also examples of words referring to a married woman: BABA, and also MOLODAYKA / MOLODICA / MOLODUSHKA. The synonymous row is used to refer to a young wife. The term 'unmarried girl' is expressed in phrase V DEVCHONKAKH, V DEVKAKH.
There is one combination to indicate age MOLODOY LYUD, expressing a collective concept opposite to the older generation.
Separately, we can highlight the category of words related to unrelated relationships, connections, contacts. Friends, buddies are called the word DRUZHNIKI. Several lexical units can be distinguished to designate love relationships: EKONOM / EKONOMKA; IZMENSHCHITSA. The name ZVATY used as the name of a guest, an invited person.
The following subgroup of words represents the names of a person in a traditional occupation or profession: SOBIRATEL'; CHUMSHA; SIDYACHI CHUKCHI; DOHTURSHA (derivational version of the general Russian word); DOL'SHCHIK (detailed name when carrying out any fishery); DROVORUB (differs from the general Russian lexeme in the form of the verb component); MASLYANSHCHIK (the inner form of the word is not entirely clear due to the brevity of the context); SHITNIK; BRYUCHNIK. The last two words are in genus-specific relations. The general name of the tailor is the hyperonym. SHITNIK, and the lexeme that names the trouser-sewing master HOOKER is a hyponym.

Conclusion
We analyzed the image of a person in the linguistic worldview of the Russian old-timers of Nizhnyaya Kolyma and identified three LSUs included in the "Man" unit: physical characteristics, personal traits, and social relations. The most voluminous and differentiated sample was made up of the lexemes of the last group, which name a man in terms of his family ties, marital status, age, relationships, social status, as well as occupation and profession. The group "Personal traits" is the second in terms of the number of lexemes and contains four subgroups: feelings, emotional states; character traits, personality traits; immoral behavior, actions; experience, knowledge. The smallest number of lexemes is included in the "Physical characteristics" group, which includes a person's nominations for physical condition, physical abilities, speech and appearance. As for intra-field systemic relations, we can note the presence of various paradigmatic connections, such as: