Modal analytical forms formed on the basis of participial forms ending with -ya, -yah in Yakut and -ar in Tuvan

The article provides a comparative analysis of modal indicators in the Yakut and Tuvan languages. We are talking about analytical grammatical indicators that were formed on the basis of participial forms ending with -yah and -ya in the Yakut language and the participle ending in -ar in the Tuvan language. These participial forms are the main forms in the verb system of the compared languages; they are polyfunctional participles of the past tense. And it is the ability to express by them the attribution of an action (a sign of an action) to the sphere of time that has not passed that allows them to form on their basis a variety of modal meanings ought, necessity, assumption, desire and unreality.


Introduction
The Yakut and Tuvan languages, together with the Tofa and Khakass languages, according to the classifications of Turkic language researchers, belong to one branch of the development of Turkic languages -Uighur [10, p. 733; 1, p. 186]. The languages belonging to this group retain common features in the field of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary, which unite them with the language of the ancient Uighurs. Common features characterizing the Uighur group of languages are a) the presence of t~d~z instead of y in the middle of a word, for example, аtаh ~ аdаk ~ аzаh instead of аyаk 'leg'; b) the presence of t~s instead of y at the end of words, for example, kutinstead of kuy-'pour' and pos (ins. boj), pozym (ins. bojym) 'myself'; c) preservation of the sonorous g at the end of the word (tag 'mountain'). The languages of the Uighur group are also distinguished by significant features of the grammatical structure and vocabulary [1, p. 186].
Comparative studies on the materials of the Yakut and Tuvan languages regarding grammatical phenomena have been carried out in a number of works (see, for example, new works [14, 16, etc.]).

Materials and methods
The ancient Uighur polyfunctional form ending in -gu, defined as a future participle or as a form of a verb name with a modal meaning of possibility and obligation, gave in modern South Siberian Turkic languages participial forms ending with -gu deg, -guluk. In the Yakut language, this form has a sonorous correspondence ofya [12, p. 88; 13, p. 28; 11, p. 90-91].
The combination of -gu deg, -gy deg, -gadyk, -gadyj, -kadyj (the second component ending with deg/dyk/dah/dyj 'as') functions as a participle with the meaning of the future presumptive tense in the Shor, Teleut, Altai [13, p. 28], as a form of modality in the Tofa [9, p. 165], as a form of the presumptive mood in the Khakass, Altai and Tuvan [3, p. 198; 2, p. 352; 7]. It is believed that the combination of -ɣu täg even in the ancient Uighur language expressed the modal meaning of supposition, doubt, hint of the possibility of the realization of an action or phenomenon [7, p. 70].
In the verb systems of the South Siberian Turkic languages, the ancient form ending with -ɣu is preserved only in a connected form, whereas in the Yakut, the -ya form is a very active multifunctional form. It is a finite form, which enters as a form of the future tense into the indicative, other verb forms are formed on its basis. In the Yakut, the form ending with -ɣu was strengthened by the affix -h (-аh, -yаh) and formed the participle ending with -guh, which in the modern Yakut has the form ending with -yah and is the only multifunctional participle of the future tense [15, p. 116].
In the Tuvan, the form ending with -gy deg serves as an indicator of the probability mood [8] and is included in the structure of the modal particle of possibility as part of the analytical participle form. The first component of it is the participle ending with -a -the central form in the Tuvan verb system.
When the main verb forms in the languages under consideration, the participles ending with -ya/-yah in the Yakut and with the -ar form in the Tuvan are functionally comparable.
Each participial form in the Yakut and Tuvan has a specific temporal meaning and has the potential to create a certain modal-specific meaning. Taking various affixes and combined with modal and auxiliary verbs, they form

Results and Discussion
The article presents a comparative analysis of the analytical forms of modality that arose, on the one hand, on the basis of the future participle ending with the -yah and -ya form in the Yakut and, on the other hand, the participle ending with -ar in the Tuvan. As an auxiliary element in the participial analytical forms of the Yakut, the auxiliary verbs erand ebitare the most active, going back to the ancient insufficient verb e-/i-). Tuvan modal particles iyik, ertik also ascend to it, which also participate in the expression of modal values.
Analytical participial forms in the Yakut and Tuvan convey the meanings of ought, necessity, assumption, desire and unreal modality. The latter meaning is conveyed by forms of the subjunctive mood.
The Tuvan also has an analytical form ending withar uzhurlug (uzhur 'rule' + affix of possession -lyg), which conveys the meaning of the obligation dictated by various external circumstances and conditions [3]. Examples: (

Modality of necessity
The modality of the necessity in the Yakut is expressed by analytical forms formed by a combination of participles ending with the -yah and -аr + affix belonging to baar (turar) and -yah/-yahха baar. Thus, the participle ending with -yah in the word baar 'is' expresses the modal meaning of necessity with a touch of desire: In the Tuvan, the analytical form on -ar herek (herek 'necessary, necessary') expresses the meaning of the "external" necessity in the highest degree of categoricity due to objective external circumstances [15]. For example: kanchap-chop-daa tur-gash whatever-PTCL be-CV plan-ny küüsed-ir herek plan-ACC fulfill-P/PF necessary '... whatever it is, it is necessary to fulfill the plan'.

"Subjunctive modality"
The "subjunctive modality" in the Yakut and Tuvan is expressed, as in other Turkic languages, according to the scheme: the form of the future participle is combined with an auxiliary verb. The latter component can be represented both by the ancient insufficient verb e-/iin a more archaic way, and by the auxiliary verb turwith the meaning of "being". In the Yakut, this meaning is transmitted in two analytical forms: -ya et-+ short predicate affix, -ya ebit-+ predicate affix [4].
In Tuvan, it is an analytical form based on the participle ending with -ar in combination with the particle ijik (an insufficient verb iin the ancient form of the past tense on -juk) by both named auxiliary verbs. And the main form of the conditional subjunctive mood in the Tuvan is the form ending with -ar ijik.
In the Yakut and Tuvan, the forms ending with -ya etand -ar ijik can express the meaning of an assumption or a guess of the speaker about the possibility or impossibility of an action. For example:

Obligative
The presumptive modality is characterized by the uncertainty of the perfection of the action, its possibilities. The analytical participial form of supposition -with the meaning of a conceivable, apparent, presumptive action or quality of an object -in the Yakut is the form ending with -yah kurduk (kurduk 'as'
In the Tuvan, in addition to the synthetic forms of desiderative (-sа, -ksа), there is a similar Yakut form ending with -ar küzeldig, where the second component is translated as 'having a desire, having a desire'. It is regularly used in speech. For example: