Potential Conflict of Agricultural Land Acquisition

. This study aims to provide an overview of the social conditions of the farming community during the land acquisition period, including the process, form and impact of the conflicts that occurred in the farming community in the case of agricultural land acquisition in Pangkep district. The unit of analysis of this research is the farming community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research based on case study research, meanwhile the land tenure gap in Biraeng Sub-district which is one of the areas included in the railroad development plan in Pangkep regency is almost similar to the situation, which allows conflict to occur, supported by several factors such as differences in agricultural land productivity, as well as commercialization and application of technology that directly affect the heterogeneity of existing roles in agricultural activities and of course the ongoing agricultural land acquisition policy process also has the potential to cause conflict in the community because it is in direct contact with the economic aspects of the community.


Introduction
Infrastructure development is one form of regional or state business in carrying out its role to fulfil basic rights such as education, health to equal opportunities to achieve social welfare for every citizen, but in Indonesia it is not uncommon to find infrastructure development itself which causes problems. New, the construction of the trans-sulawesi railway which also crosses the Pangkep Regency area requires land acquisition and of course this can become a more complex problem.
According to Yuliana, 2017; Land is a very basic and important need for human life. Humans live and carry out activities on the ground, so it can be said that almost all activities human life, either directly or indirectly, always require land. Essentially, the meaning and strategic position of land in people's lives does not only contain physical aspects, but also social, economic, political and legal aspects [1].
Meanwhile, the relationship betweem farmers and land, according to Beteille, is the main basic for social and economic inequality in the countryside. The relationship between farmers and land, including ownership, control and exploitation, is a very influential aspect of the role of farming communities in agricultural production and their income levels [2]. In line with that, in its development the agrarian structure in Indonesia underwent quite a number of changes, ranging from the transformation of the agricultural production system to the transformation of * Corresponding author : comeosm@unm.ac.id ownership patterns and land acquisition patterns that led to changes in the social structure of society.
However, after the shift to the pattern of individual ownershio, community members cannot control agrarian resources in an easy way because they must have financial capital (to pay compensation / buy land and to finance plantation development) or have the position of beneficiary. In addition, the opportunity for land tenure is getting narrower because farmers who have been designated as owners of agrarian resources can continue to control their land even if the land is not cultivated [3].
The shift from the pattern of collective ownership to the current pattern of individual ownership ultimately has implications for the polarization of society in many layers where some of these layers are built with a single status, namely as owners, cultivators and farm laborers.
Inequality in the distribution of land tenure is a serious problem because land is the main capital that determines the amount of farmer household income, based on the results of his research in Buugede village, the condition of the land tenure gap is parallel to the income gap condition of each farmer's family.
Meanwhile, the land tenure gap in Biraeng village, which is one of the areas included in the railroad development plan in pangkep regency, is almost similar to the sitution in Bulugede village where there are farmers who control 4 Ha and there are also farmers who control 0,10 Ha only [2]. In addition, the possibility of social polarization in Baraeng village is supported by several factors such as differences in agricultural land productivity, as well as commercialization and application of technology which directly affect the heterogeneity of existing roles in agricultural activities and of course the ongoing agricultural land acquisition policy process also has the potential to result in social polarization in society because it is in direct contact with the economic aspects of society.
Research on current social conflicts is more about the polarization of society due to differences in political contestation events such as the gubernatorial election and presidential election in 2019 [4], in some of these studies explaining that people's behavior in social media is increasingly exacerbating polarization among the public because they tend to choose information that is misleading. Comes from his political network and rejects information that comes from outside his political network no matter how valid the information is.
Likewise with the south Sulawesi area research on conflict in this region is still about polarization in the political context, Imam Mujahideen Fahmid in his research entitled "elite polarization ups and downs in the Bugis Makassar ethnicity" explains that in the traditional phase, the Bugis and Makassar ethnic elites were both deveop the concept of symbolic political tradition is contained in imaginative texts; tomanurung and kalompoang. A concept to legitimize the power of the ruler. Socially, the concept of tomanurung is then translated by the elite and the masses as a pattern of mutually protecting patron-client relationship [5].
Based on the description above, the author assesses that social polarization in the case of land acquisition is still minimal, so the author feels it is necessary to conduct a study entitled "Potential conflict in agricultural land acquisition: a case study on the construction of the railway line in pangkep regency" to find out more about forms of social polarization and impact in the case of land acquisition in pangkep regency.

Research Methods
Based on the title of the research and the research problem proposed, the authors compiled this study using descriptive qualitative research methods, so that the results of the research that later obtained data could clearly descriptive qualitative research methods, so that the results of the research that later obtained data could clearly describe the social conflict that occurred during the conflict period in pangkep regency.
Qualitative research is research that seeks to analyze social life by describing the social world from the point of view or interpretation of individuals (informants) in a scientific setting. In other words, qualitative research seeks to understand how an individual sees, interprets or describes his social world [6]. While the descriptive research approach aims to describe a situation or phenomena as they are. As said by creswell that descriptive research methods is a research method that seeks to describe and interpret objects as they are.
The data analysis technique in qualitative research is descriptive analysis. The descriptive analysis in this study aims to describe the findings of the interviews, which are divided into three activity lines, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.

Results and Discussion
In this section the author will dicuss the socio-economic conditions of the people of Biraeng village before the land acquisition process takes place, the social conditions in question are lifestyle, social prestige and social aspirations of the community while the economic conditions referred to in this case include wide gaps in agricultural land tenure, diversity of roles in agricultural activities and income from the agricultural sector of the farming community of biraeng village.
Based on data from the definitive plan for farmers group needs 2021 biraeng village, which was obtained from the leadership of the agricultural extension agency minasate'ne district, the gap in agricultural land in Biraeng village is quite serious where there are farmer families who control 4 Ha of agricultural land while there are also farming families [7]. Which only control 0,10 Ha of agricultural land, that's because The cultivation of agricultural land is caused by two factors, namely the transfer of property rights to agricultural land through buying and selling and the transfer of property rights to agricultural land through inheritance. Because relativ land prices are not affordable by the economic capabilities of lower-layer farmers, wealthy farmers have a very large opportunity to increase the area of their land through the process of buying and selling, while the transfer of property rights to agricultural land through the inheritance process will lead to a process of fragmentation of agricultural land ownership, in other words, the inheritance process encourages the process of shrinking the area of agricultural land ownership for the next generation of farmer households. The gap in the area of agricultural land that has occurred in Biraeng Village certainly also causes income differences among the people, people who have not too large agricultural land claim that their income from the agricultural sector is not enough to meet their daily needs [8].
However, if you look at the social and economic conditions of the community, the polarization of the area of agricultural land tenure that occurs in Biraeng Village is not followed by the polarization of the status of ownership where six statuses of land tenure are found, namely the owner, the owner and the control obtained from the pawn system, the owner and the arrester, the arrester, the control obtained from the pawn system and the deafness of farm workers, Commercialization and the application of technology in agricultural activities in Biraeng Village have had an impact on the diversity of roles that exist in agricultural activities, in other words, the role in the agricultural production process is not polarized in two groups, namely the supervisory group and the worker group but leads to gradual differences where there are also farming communities who are directly involved in the process of working on agricultural land and become supervisors at certain stages. in one of the stages of the agricultural land work process, the actors of each type https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214902025 , 02025 (2022) SHS Web of Conferences 149 ICSS 2022 of role at one stage of production are not parallel to the actors of each role at another stage of production, which means that between one stage of production and another stage there is a personal crossover of the actors of each role, so that there is no personal homogeneity of roletype actors in the entire agricultural production.
As David Chaney meant, lifestyle is defined as an action or pattern that distinguishes between one person and another, with a special form of grouping modern status that also helps in defining attitudes, values and shows the wealth and social position of the society that follows in the class of modern society [9].
Based on the researcher's observations, regarding the lifestyle of the farming community in Biraeng Village, there is no too noticeable difference between the farmer community whose economic level is high and low, it is seen from the style of clothing and ownership of luxury goods in people's daily lives, but the difference between the farmer community who have different economic levels can still be seen from the differences in the style of building their houses which gives an idea that farming communities with high economic levels have better houses that are usually materialized.
However, even though it is found that the people of Biraeng Village still often work together in various forms of community activities, the conditions in agricultural activities are inversely proportional because the system that applies in agricultural activities in Biraeng Village better reflects the market system so that the form of client patron relationships commonly encountered in agricultural communities is not found in agricultural activities in Biraeng Village.
Based on the results of the research described above before the period of agricultural land acquisition for the construction of railway lines in Biraeng Village, there has been economic polarization based on the gap in the area of agricultural land owned by each farming community, however, the economic polarization that occurs is not followed by significant differences in aspects of people's social life from the three aspects observed in this study, namely lifestyle, social aspirations and social prestige The striking difference between peasant communities that have high and low economic levels only occurs in the aspect of social prestige of the community where people who have a higher economic level get higher social prestige than other farming societies which can be seen from the use of the language used, while in terms of lifestyle and social aspirations, farming communities that have different economic levels have no significant differences.
Information about the construction of railway infrastructure in Biraeng Village was informed by the community about five years ago, during this period the government and the appraisal team responsible for land acquisition issues for infrastructure development have carried out socialization about the required land area and policy mechanisms for providing compensation for community land that is included in the land needed for development. this infrastructure, including communityowned farmland.
Initially, the land acquisition policy was quite well received by the land-owning community who were included in the land needs for this infrastructure development, it was because at the socialization stage the community was promised that the land acquisition program for this infrastructure used a change of profit system that did not harm the community at all, besides that the community also admitted that it was given a promise that its agricultural land was included in the land needed for development. this infrastructure will be compensated in the form of agricultural land as well although there has been no discussion about the quality and area of agricultural land before.
However, a large number of people felt very disappointed because in the end the compensation value for their land was considered very cheap, which was only around 60-70 thousand permeter, in contrast to the community's price expectations which ranged from around 100-150 thousand permeter, in the period june-July 2019 there were many demonstrations carried out by students and people of Pangkep Regency from other villages, The demonstrations were carried out at several different points such as at the Land Agency Office and the Pangkep Regency DPRD Office, the current social process has led to the polarization of groups where in this case two groups are formed that have different interests, namely students and the community who have an interest in the feasibility of compensation for their land as well as the government and appraisal teams who have an interest in accelerating the settlement of construction of railway infrastructure.
Over time, the aspirations of the community seemed to have not received a response, the existence of the state authority to take over land owned by the community under the pretext of public interest became the basis for implementing the consignment system, namely the deposition of compensation money on community land in courts, making the community polarized the attitude taken by the community into two groups where the majority of the people of Biraeng Village had given up their land forcibly as an effort to reduce losses that acceptable and people who have not given up their land and the other party still choose to stay because they feel very aggrieved by the amount of compensation offered by the government and the appraisal team.
Social polarization according to Harris and Rilly is a stage of escalation of the conflict where both sides begin to distance, pull and move away from each other. Because of this distance communication begins to be indirect and hardens into rigid stereotypes, since there are no challenges from the facts that arise from direct interaction. The relationship deteriorated even colder, when all parties no longer viewed the other party as an important party which emphasized no longer an objective element but shifted to psychological anxiety regarding the relationship.
According to Morton Deuttsch (Mustamin) differences between individuals in the form of differences in feelings, stances and opinions can be the cause of social conflicts because in living a pattern of social interaction, it is impossible for a person to always be in line with other individuals, especially since humans are unique or special individuals, because there has never been a standard similarity between one and the other [10].
Differences of opinion and stance in responding to the acquisition of their land have an impact on the deterioration of community relations, from the farming community who currently has not approved the transfer of their agricultural land, they said they were disappointed with the people who had agreed to the land acquisition of their agricultural land.
In line with that, the community who has agreed to the acquisition of their agricultural land, actually also knows that there is a form of dislike and disappointment from community groups who have different stances on the decisions taken in responding to land acquisition for this infrastructure development, but do not respond by showing dislike for different parties.
Based on the results of research on the differences in the establishment and acceptance of the community, these two parties gave distance and withdrew from each other, the party who had not agreed to the acquisition of his agricultural land felt that this weakened his bargaining position on his agricultural land, so that the community who had not given up his farmland reduced and limited interaction with other communities that had different stances and even went so far as to reduce his involvement. in community activities such as mutual aid.
In addition to the polarization of the community based on the attitude taken during the acquisition of its agricultural land, land acquisition for infrastructure development is also very potential to cause social polarization based on one's social class, it is because the land in this case the community's agricultural land is closely related to the economic aspects of the community. Meanwhile, in general, the economic distance between social groups is proportional to the social distance between them, in other words, if there is economic polarization in the community, there is also a high probability of social polarization. Soemardjan [11] Based on the results of research on agricultural land acquisition in Biraeng Village, it actually aggravates the economic polarization that has occurred, it is because the agricultural land needed for infrastructure development belongs to the majority of farming communities whose agricultural land area is not too large, moreover compensation for agricultural land owned by the community is actually considered detrimental. Not in accordance with the opinion of Soetandyo Wignyosoebroto [11] where a development in the public interest in essence cannot ignore personal interests such as the feasibility of compensation given to landowners and does not cause landowners to suffer setbacks in subsequent lives both socially and economically.
Losses in the economic aspect are not only felt by people who have given up their agricultural land, but in this case people who have not given up their agricultural land and communities who are classified as farm laborers also cannot be separated from the negative impact of land acquisition for infrastructure development, because the agricultural land of farmers who have completed the acquisition process is directly hoarded with land approximately 5 meters high, thus worsening irrigation and irrigation of other agricultural land that is in the vicinity.
Based on the results of the study, the acquisition of agricultural land for the construction of railway lines in Biraeng Village does not necessarily have an impact on the polarization of the community socially, because although during the period of land acquisition the distance from the economic level of the community is getting farther, this does not have an impact on the increasing distance of the community's social distance which can be seen from the absence of forms of exclusivity and differences in aspirations between people who have an economic level. which is different in the decision-making forums in farmer groups in Biraeng Village, besides that in the community, there are still often mutual aid and some community activities that are collective, just like the aspirations of the community in farmer group forums, in mutual aid activities and other types of community activities there are no conditions that explain the differences between communities that have different economic levels.
From all the informants' narratives, in the case of land acquisition for infrastructure development, there are two forms of polarization, namely; polarization based on community acceptance of the acquisition of their agricultural land and economic polarization, polarization of the community based on community acceptance of land acquisition policies is backgrounded by differences in responding to the land acquisition itself, people who have agreed to the acquisition of their agricultural land claim to be forced to agree to the acquisition of their agricultural land as an effort to minimize acceptable losses while it is it also caused disappointment from the people who had not agreed to the acquisition of their agricultural land because it further cornered his bargaining position against the government and the appraisal team in determining the price of his agricultural compensation. Meanwhile, economic polarization among the farming community in Biraeng Village has actually occurred before the land acquisition for the construction of this infrastructure, the economic polarization itself is motivated by the gap in land ownership among the farming community, but the polarization or economic gap among the farming community is increasingly strengthening in the process of land acquisition, but even so the strengthening of this economic polarization does not lead to polarization of society based on the social class of society which can be seen from the absence of a form of exclusiveness in involvement in farmer groups and involvement in some community activities.
Solidarity includes a feeling of solidarity, starting with the word "soldier" which means loyal comrade, so solidarity means solidarity. Social is something that is built that happens in a community site, as a group, not a person of its own but rather with regard to society. Whereas in the dictionary of sociology anthropology; social is used to refer to the relationship of an individual with another, a number of individuals who make up a large and organized relativ moringa, tendencies of inclinations and implus-implus related to the other, and the nature of liking to pay attention to the public interest (helpful, charitable and so on).
Social solidarity or social solidarity is a concept that shows the relationship between people only. Social solidarity is a friendly relationship and is based on the common interests of all members. Social solidarity is a state of mutual trust between members of a group or community. If people trust each other, they will become one or become friends, rnenjadi respect each other, become responsible for each other to help each other and meet the needs of each other.
As previously explained, the acquisition of agricultural land for the construction of railways in Biraeng Village has an impact on the polarization of the community based on its revenue and establishment in responding to the acquisition of its agricultural land, in addition to the environmental impact and compensation value that is considered detrimental by the community to strengthen the economic polarization that has occurred before the land acquisition period, it is because of the agricultural land needed and the land that is needed affected by this infrastructure development, the majority belongs to farming communities whose agricultural land area is not too large, while as we know the income of people who depend on their economic life on the agricultural sector is very dependent on the area of ownership and control of agricultural land.
The polarization of the community based on differences in acceptance and stance in responding to the acquisition of its agricultural land has had an impact on the tenuous social solidarity among the farming community of Biraeng Village, the farming community of Biraeng Village who have not agreed to the acquisition of their agricultural land considers that people who have different establishments and acceptances do not have solidarity and do not care about the impact of their decisions on others.
The deterioration of community social solidarity after differences in the establishment in responding to the acquisition of agricultural land is also justified by the community who have now agreed to the acquisition of their agricultural land, according to him, after differences arose in responding to land acquisition for infrastructure development in his area the harmony of relations between farming communities experienced a setback which they saw through the unusual behavior of other communities. and tended to avoid talking but they chose not to respond too much to it as an effort to prevent relations between fellow farming communities from deteriorating further, so that in the case of polarization of the community in this study did not lead to the stage of segregation as Harris and Rilly explained.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the acquisition of agricultural land for the construction of railway infrastructure in Biraeng Village causes social polarization among the farming community in Biraeng Village, in this study the researchers tried to see two forms of social polarization, namely social polarization based on differences in community acceptance of agricultural land acquisition and social polarization based on social class. the community is in the period of agricultural land acquisition.
Social polarization based on differences in community acceptance of land acquisition occurs due to the authority of the state to take over the rights to community agricultural land through procedures established by law, it can be said that people who have given up their agricultural land rights are forced to hand them over with the intention of minimizing acceptable losses, while people who have not given up their agricultural land rights choose to survive because the compensation offered by the appraisal team and the government is considered very detrimental, as a result of the polarization of the community in this case, the party who still has not received the acquisition of his agricultural land reduces the interaction with the community who have different decisions because it is felt to weaken his bargaining position in determining the price of his agricultural land acquisition to limit his involvement in community activities such as mutual aid.
Meanwhile, the economic polarization that has occurred for a long time has actually increased strongly in the period of agricultural land acquisition for this infrastructure development, it is because the agricultural land needed for infrastructure development is a farming community whose agricultural land is relatively small.
However, the condition regarding if in a community there is economic polarization there will be social polarization, which Explained Soemardjan did not occur in the case of the acquisition of agricultural land for the construction of railways in Biraeng Village, as evidenced by the absence of clear differences in aspects of lifestyle, social aspirations and social prestige between people who have high and low economic levels, in addition, in some community activities in terms of involvement, communities that have different economic levels also do not reflect the social distance between the farming communities of Biraeng Village.