Specifics of periphrase implementation in maritime English

. The purpose of the study is the use of periphrasis in maritime English. Considering this, the following main tasks were formulated: to analyze periphrastic expressions, with their subsequent systematization of this material; to consider the existing classifications of periphrase; to establish the use of periphrase in maritime English for understanding and remembering with the help of the computer-based training system STEP. The relevance of the study is provided by the nature and purpose of periphrasis; the lack of a clear and precise definition of periphrasis in the field of maritime terminology, since even when considering its conceptual system, controversial points are observed. The analysis of references makes it possible to define periphrases as linguistic means used in various real-life situations, with the possibility of selecting them to transmit the same thought in professional maritime communicative activity.


Introduction
The ability to express thoughts in different ways, paraphrasing one's speech, is relevant.Often, the periphrasis is motivated by the speaker's linguistic competence in expressing his or her opinion to emotionally influence the partner in communication.Periphrasis, which determines the level of lexical information units (LIU) proficiency, is highly assessed when conducting interviews in mixed-crew jobs.Memorization of the terminology presented in the test tasks is based on the use of modern computer-based training systems (CBT) [1].

Materials and Methods
The materials and methods of the study are based on the following: the development of a competency-based approach to teaching LIU for communicating aimed at understanding and fulfilling job instructions in the professional activities of sailors.As the training of cadets and attendees for work in companies, marine vessels and oil platforms is provided in accordance with the requirements of conventions and resolutions adopted by foreign and domestic organizations, there is a need to understand the ability to convey information to the interlocutor to ensure the correct response when performing the job duties.Competence in a foreign language manifest itself in the ability to paraphrase one's speech.The higher the speaker's linguistic competence, the more often periphrases of various types can be used.And this includes not only influencing the partner when communicating or expressing your attitude to the professional task of labor, but also with the purpose of making logical adjustments to the linguistic information.
The training of naval cadets for professional practical activities is provided in conformity with the requirements of the adopted resolutions and conventions [2,3].Maritime regulations; navigational documents; notices to sailors; paper and electronic data carriers; telexes with meteorological information; messages concerning ship safety and its operation; instructions for requesting medical consultations and compiling accompanying medical documents in case of evacuation of a patient to a shore-based medical facility within the recommendations of the International Code of Signals section, guidelines, etc. require English language proficiency at the professional linguistic level [4].A sailor needs to have skills in speaking and writing for negotiating with other ships and shore stations, correspondence writing and filling out documentation on commercial and legal aspects of ship operations, business correspondence, registration of vessel arrivals and departures, cargo operations, drafting of maritime protests.At the basis of all mentioned are various forms of periphrase: lexemes, syntactic linguistic units of information, tropes, euphemisms, emotional and evaluative expressions.Cliches, ellipses, abbreviations, and standard phrases of maritime English are a special kind of dialogic speech in radio communication, and they are characterized by the stability of periphrastic expressions.
The methodological and theoretical foundations of scientific research are the theory of the expressiveness of the means of transmitting lexical, grammatical, and syntactic units of information.Numerous scientific works by V.G.Gak, K.A. Dolinin, E. N. Petrova, L. G. Freedman, N.A. Esmenskaya, O.S. Akhmanova, A.B. Novikova et al. study phraseological expressions, identify characteristics of repetition and periphrasis and linguistic foundations and approaches to their use in oral and written speech.Periphrases serve the semantic text cohesion, noted in the linguistic literature by such scholars as T.M. Nikolaeva, I.R. Galperin; however, special studies of nominal periphrases in professional maritime English from the position of text linguistics have not been undertaken so far.
Attention should be paid to the method of contextual analysis, which enables to characterize the LUIs presented in the article.Component analysis containing evaluative utterances by using the technique of repetition and periphrase provides an opportunity to conduct a functional analysis of language based on the provisions of pragmalinguistics.It is also important to emphasize the methodology of corpus linguistics as the basis for the lexical and grammatical compatibility of applied linguistic units presented in the works of M. Wilkinson, V.N.Shevchuk, N.V. Vladimorov, D.Y. Gruzdev et al.

Results and Discussion
The appearance of periphrastic names is connected, in the opinion of some researchers [5], with the historically developed habit of many peoples not to speak directly about everything.Periphrasis usually identifies one of the features of phenomena, that seems in this case to be essential.
Eventually the Second Mate gave in, and his new position was announced (original).
Eventually, the Second Assistant agreed, and his new appointment was announced (after periphrasing).
In the research of linguistic scientists there are definitions of periphrase, which has its communicative essence, but does not have its own clear definition and differs from other linguistic phenomena.
Such sciences as linguistics, logic, linguistics, stylistics, and other related disciplines related to the polysemy of expression of a term, phrase, and thought have wide application in the scientific field.This, in turn, indicates their polysemy.For example, frequently used LUIs can have completely unrelated meanings, depending on the context.Make the sound louder, please.(original) -Turn on the sound louder, please (after periphrasing).
Ropes are rather sound.(original) -The ropes are rather strong (after periphrasing).
The Dardanelles Sound is situated in the northwestern Turkey (original).-The Dardanelles Sound is located in the northwestern part of Turkey (after periphrasing).
In linguistics, the term periphrasis means "retelling," "remaking," "changing" and is used to describe a technique "consisting in changing the lexical composition of an expression or text known to the addressee" [5].Another meaning is "to convey in other words, to retell some thoughts, the content of some essay" [6,7].The precise separation of these types of terms is due to the increased expressiveness and semantic diversity [8,9].
It is likely that the term periphrase comes from the French word 'periphrase', which has two variants of meaning.The first variant reflects the grammatical feminine gender of the noun, and the second variant considers its phonetic sound [10].
The following definitions of periphrase are given in the linguistic literature: 1. Description as the transfer of descriptive thought of another word [11]; the use of lexical units for descriptive, common transfer of meaning of another expression or word [7]; descriptive expression (indirectness), a stylistic device consisting in indirect, descriptive, designation of objects and phenomena of reality (mostly emotionally expressive, evaluative nature) [12]; descriptive expression [16]; an expression describing an object or phenomenon of reality secondarily [13].In the "Contemporary Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language" the term 'expression' is defined as "a phrase, a figure of speech" [6].Consequently, the first variant includes figures of speech that entail replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with defining features [11]; a descriptive figure of speech used to replace a common name [5].
Terms are defined by a LUI that separates the periphrasis from the word used for its extended understanding.
He lives next door (original).-He is my neighbor (after periphrasing).
Better roommate than you (original).-A better neighbor than you (after periphrasing).
The use of a descriptive grammatical structure instead of direct translation for 'neighbor' (roommate) contributes to a much more accurate understanding of the context.
2. Periphrase is used as a stylistic device for replacing a word or phrase with a descriptive figure of speech [12]; for indirect descriptive designation of objects and phenomena of reality [10].This group also includes definitions describing periphrasis as a figure of speech as a stylistic device, a speech pattern used to enhance expressiveness.
It was typical of the sailor during those lean days (original).-It was typical of a sailor in those hard days (after periphrasing).
This sentence uses the expression 'lean days' to emphasize that things are not always so bright.Sometimes, you have to endure deprivation and live a meager life.
3. There is a definition of periphrase as a special artistic trope [3], used to replace an ordinary word with a descriptive expression [13] or presented through several concepts [14].
Its belonging to tropes is determined by three criteria: 1) signification -a nominative unit; 2) twodimensionality -a semantic criterion; 3) decorativeness -a functional criterion, which implies the limitation of the sphere of using tropes to artistic speech.It should be noted that all means of language for the decorative function are considered tropes because it is one of those rather diverse functions that periphrase performs in language to describe, to create imagery, both literally and figuratively [2].This iron horse combines the maneuverability of a submarine and the patency of an icebreaker fleet (original).-This metal vehicle combines the maneuverability of a submarine and the passability of an icebreaker navy (after periphrasing).
This example refers to a ship, and 'iron horse' is used figuratively and metaphorically.
4. Periphrase is defined as a secondary nomination [11] in several nominative language units: Scipper (captain of a small sea vessel), my better half (wife), the dark continent (Africa).Depending on the author's attitude toward the object of description, periphrases can take the form of euphemisms -replacing a crude expression with a softer one, or of dysphemisms -replacing a soft or neutral expression with a cruder one.The use of euphemisms on the ship is explained by the desire to avoid conflicts, misunderstandings, observance of conversational etiquette, attempts to create a comfortable situation for the team: old, elderly-mature, advanced in years; unemployed -between jobs, job seeker; Indians -native Americans, Hispanics -Latino.
Periphrases presented as LUIs are recommended for computer-assisted comprehension and memorization (see Fig. 1).CBT "STEP" developed at the Department of Foreign Languages in F. F. Ushakov State Medical University" is widely used in the training process, providing lexical units in the test tasks in the learning modes with the help of prompting and control (see Fig. 2) aimed at providing the opportunity to understand and memorize [17][18][19].
The computer program has audio accompaniment of test periphrastic tasks, questions, answers.There are text questions as well as multimedia questions.Assignments include entries of active vocabulary randomly selected from a large database of language assignments.Each of them contributes to the formation of imagination, predicting perspectives, assessing the significance of the presented material in possible practical and theoretical situations, encouraging imagination.When solving situational tasks, the process of assimilation of knowledge and development of professional skills takes place, considering the periphrastic aspects of language [20,21].

Сonclusion
According to the analysis of the scholarly literature cited, the lexicographic definitions enable the periphrasis to be defined mainly as an emotional and expressive lexical unit for evaluating a used term, object or phenomenon of reality (see Fig. 3).
The concept of periphrasis, both in its broad and narrow sense, is relevant in modern linguistics, as it is determined by the continuity of positions that contribute to the mastery of LUIs for the implementation of communicative activity.The research results confirm the presence of different periphrases in the language of Maritime English, which can be explained by the peculiarities of the author's discourse, the focus on the subjectivity of thought, the "marginality" of assessments and irony as a way to perceive and represent the world.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.A task to choose the right answer.