The field model (F-model) of a psychological type as a new way of modeling and describing the psyche

. This article is the third one in a series of works on one of the leading theories in modern differential psychology – Jung's theory of the psychological types. The works are aimed at revealing foundations of the cognitive concept of psychological types, which is being developed by the scientific team of the Department of Psychology, Moscow International University, and the Laboratory of Cognitive Research of Consciousness n.a. S.M. Sattorov. The article aims to reveal new ways of identifying and describing psychological types in accordance with the field model of psychological types (F-model). Following Jung, the article claims that the basic psychological functions in the same individual never have the same degree of development. One of the functions has an advantage both in development and in strength. One of the functions is more preferable than the other. The strength of the functions within the field model (F model) can be determined by the degree of brightness in the field system. The field model describes the psychological type as a field system with a core and a periphery. The core is occupied by the strongest (dominant) mental functions, and the weakest (subdominant) mental functions are peripheral. To measure the strength of mental functions, the coefficient of brightness can be determined from the formula C = nP/Q. The article describes parameters of work with information and a four-point scale for its assessment, the structural specifics of the field model and the rules for constructing and describing the field model.


Introduction
Jung's theory of psychological types is one of the leading theories in modern differential psychology.
The theory was developed by the Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Jung.In the work "Psychological Types" published in 1921, he laid foundations of the theory introducing a number of new concepts and describing some hypothetical provisions.The book "Psychological Types" became the conceptual foundation for the future theory of psychological types [1].
Jung noted that his concept of personality types was based on numerous impressions and experiences gained in his work as a neurologist and psychiatrist and observations of the behavior of representatives of various social strata.
Jung characterized his concept as a deductive exposition of "empirically acquired views and insights" [1].
These works confirm the hypothetical positions of Jung's theory and contribute to the further development of ways to a deeper understanding of complex personality characteristics and their interaction with socially determined variables.
Jung's hypothetical conception was developing over the 20th century into an empirically tested theory.
In the 20th century, Jung's theory was developed in the USA, Western Europe, and the USSR [7].
In the 21st century, scientists from Ukraine, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, the USA, and Great Britain are working on the further development of this theory [8,9].
Researchers We connected Jung's theory with the modern cognitive paradigm and developed a cognitive concept of psychological types.
In this concept, the psychological type is interpreted as an analogue of a computer, and the process of interaction between people is defined as a process of receiving, transforming, transmitting and storing information [10,11].
We created a new terminological apparatus, provided definitions to the basic concepts of this theory, formulated its axioms, and developed a new way to identify and describe the psychological type: we proposed a formula for calculating the brightness coefficient of bipolar signs (C), a field model of the psychological type (F-model), a comparative scale of similarities/differences in brightness coefficients.

Problem Statement
Jung argued that each person is guided by the data from the outside world [12].
In observing patients, Jung identified some differences between people: some people are more inclined to unravel hidden possibilities, while others are limited to the perception of specific objects; for some people, in order to adapt to the situation, it is important to understand it intellectually, for others it is enough to be guided by sensory impressions; the fate of some is determined by his own subjective interests, while that of others is determined by external objects.
Jung described four pairs of bipolar signs: two attitudes -extraverted and introverted, and four mental functions divided into the classes of rational functions (thinking and feeling) and irrational functions (sensation and intuition).
Jung called these parameters fundamental opposites, which are revealed as psychological phenomena in observing people's behavior.
All these mental mechanisms are inherent in every person.At the same time, there is a relative predominance (or habitual dominance) of some mechanisms over others.This preponderance determines the type.
It is also important to emphasize that the relative predominance of one mechanism suppresses other ones.
If Thinking is the predominant function, Feeling occupies a subordinate position in the structure of the type.This thesis can be illustrated in the following diagram (Fig. 1).
The mental functions are located in a cruciform shape on two axes: on the vertical axis there is a pair of opposite rational functions: M -Thinking, H -Feeling; a pair of irrational functions is located on the horizontal axis: O -Sensing, I -Intuitive.
In the center of the diagram "Ego" (E), which has energy and willpower, is located.
In the thinking type, energy and willpower are directed to Thinking.Therefore, the sensory function is subordinate."It follows from the fact that when you think, you must exclude feelings, and vice versa.<…> In the thinking type, feelings are the least differentiated, and thinking, on the contrary, is the most differentiated function.
Feelings are the most destructive for your thoughts.These two functions negate each other [1].

Fig. 1. Jung's diagram
The same is true for the irrational functions.The psychological type should be considered within the cognitive paradigm as a system of cognitive operations associated with reception, processing, storage and generation of information.
Thus, the cognitive direction of Jung's theory deals with the description of the processes of information interaction of individuals.
We have formulated five basic axioms of Jung's theory within the cognitive paradigm, which describe its basic principles and serve as the basis for type modeling.
1. Interaction between the person and the environment is the process of receiving, transforming, transmitting and storing information.
2. In receiving, transforming, transmitting and storing information, four mental functions workg in the endovert and exovert directions and constitute the apparatus of information interaction between the person and the environment.
3. The structure of this apparatus is determined by the hierarchical distribution of four Jung's functions in the psychological type model.
4. Functions do not work in isolation, but in blocks (dyads).
5. The psychological types are related through identical functions.
Axiom 1 states that the person is in the information space and deals with information arrays from the internal and external environment.The person creates information arrays, transforms and stores them.
Axiom 2 states that the information arrays are processed by four specialized mental functions: each one processes its own information.E function works with information about feelings and the relationship between them, and S function works with information about specific properties of objects and the state of the internal environment.
Axiom 3 talks about the hierarchical distribution of Jung's functions in the type model: from the strongest to the weakest.In addition, as Axiom 4 states, the functions work in blocks (pairs).The combination of strong and weak functions gives 16 personality types.
We have developed the field model (F model) of psychological types, which allows us to describe the types and interactions between them.

Research Questions
The study is aimed at modeling f the psyche and describing the psychological types in accordance with the field approach.

Purpose of the Study
The study aims to reveal the ways of identifying and describing the psychological types based on the field approach.

Research Methods
The study was carried out using both traditional and modern methods -systematic, structural-functional and comparative.
The modeling method was also used.

Findings
The person is in the information space dealing with information arrays from the internal and external environment.
There are four parameters for working with information: 1) Volumes of information (large or small arrays of information).
2) speed of work (the ability to perform tasks at a certain pace (quickly or slowly).
3) Depth of processing as the ability to move from a superficial analysis of information to identifying its foundations.
4) Degree of differentiation as the ability to highlight the important details of information, rejecting minor (insignificant) ones.
Creating a specific system for measuring all four parameters of working with information is a difficult but promising task.
At this stage of development of the cognitive concept of psychological types, measure the strength of mental functions on a four-point scale, where 4 is the highest score and 1 is the lowest one.The strongest mental function will have 4 points for all four parameters, and the weakest one -only 1 point.The other two features are intermediate on this scale: a 3-point feature is strong relative to the "2-point" and "one-point" ones; and the function with 2 points is stronger than the "one-point" function, but weaker than the "three" and "four-point" ones.
Table 1.Parameters for working with information and the four-point rating scale.

Volume
Maximum amount of information

Processing depth
Maximum depth of processing of information

Surface processing of information
Very surface depth of processing of information Differentiation degree The highest degree of differentiation

Low degree of differentiation
The lowest degree of differentiation Thus, the strength of a mental function is its potential ability to work differentially with a certain volume of information arrays at a certain speed, and move from their superficial analysis to deep processing to determine the nature of the process under study.
The strength of a mental function is its potential.
To describe the psychological type, we have developed a field model.
The field model consists of the core (Core) and the periphery (Periphery).
The structure of the field model: 1.The left side of the field is the location of R-class functions (i.e.receptive functions).
2. The right side of the field is the location of K-class functions (i.e.constructive functions).
3. The core of the field is the location of four-point (the strongest) and three-point (sufficiently strong) functions.The nuclear elements of the field of mental functions are the strongest and most specialized for the high-quality and effective performance of respective tasks; they are used by the type.Thus, the core concentrates strong (four-point and three-point) mental functions.
4. The field periphery is formed by weak (two-point and one-point) functions.They can also be used frequently by the type, but these functions cannot solve complex problems.
The core is the location of mental functions that deeply process large amounts of information at a high speed with a high degree of differentiation.
The periphery is the location of mental functions that superficially process small amounts of information at a low speed with a low degree of differentiation (Fig. 2).Therefore, the periphery of the field will be occupied by two opposite subdominant functions: the basic endoverted I function with 2 points (I2-) and the subsidiary endoverted L function with 1 point (L1-) The description of the model involves a contrastive analysis of the brightness coefficients of bipolar features.
Bipolar features are compared by the degree of difference in their brightness coefficients according to the following contrastive scale (Fig. 3) • 1-24 % low level differences; • 25-50 % average level of differences; • 51-79 % high level of differences; • 80-100 % extremely high level of differences.

Conclusion
Thus, the field model proceeds from the fact that bipolar signs represent a continuum, and the personality type is a combination of all parameters determined by their brightness coefficients.There are neither "pure" L types, nor "pure" emotive types or "pure" exoverts and endoverts.
The field model makes it possible to reflect the universal, dialectical and dynamic properties of the psychological type and their genesis.
from the Department of Psychology (Moscow International University) and the Laboratory for Cognitive Research of Consciousness n.a.A.I. Said-Mahdikhon Sattorov" ("Sattorov Laboratory of Cognitive Research of Consciousness") also contribute to the development of Jungian Psychological Types Theory.