Research on student records management system based on blockchain

. Through the analysis of the current problems found in the management of student records, it is found that the feasibility and necessity of applying blockchain technology to student records. Starting from the needs of school record management, we build the overall framework of electronic school record file block chain system, and design the operation process of school record file block chain management system. In order to realize the integrity, confidentiality and support of confidential data sharing, the alliance chain is adopted to further realize the layered architecture of the block chain, and the architecture of the block chain system of the electronic school records is designed.


1.Introduction
In 2021, The General Office of the State Council issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Archives", which clarified that archive digitization is the core of archive information construction and should be called an important force leading the innovation and development of archives.In the field of education, school records are a very important type of archives.They are important records formed in the process of students' study, which record the basic situation of students in school and historical materials with preservation value.With the advent of digital society, traditional paper school records can no longer meet the needs of school personnel training, employer recruitment, and students' use of records.With the construction of the national education system and the vigorous development of open universities in China, compared with full-time students, the composition and learning experience of these students are more complex, which poses new challenges to the management of school records.
In order to adapt to the new situation and new challenges, the archives management department of educational institutions mainly through the original paper archives digitization and the construction of remote service platform to meet the needs of more electronic school records.Through practice, the current electronic school records are still facing three major challenges, respectively: (1) electronic school records sharing and utilization is not smooth.In the process of using electronic school records, most of the special file services of school records on the mobile platform of school records only publish the contact phone number or email address of the school records department, etc. File checkers need to upload valid ID pictures and submit file search applications through email, telephone or new social media such as wechat.The archival custodian provides the electronic copy of the file to the archival party after the application is reviewed, or transmits the required student status file information through offline transmission such as mailbox, which is not convenient enough.(2) The safety and reliability of electronic student records are questioned.In the process of the use of electronic student records, the third party doubts the originality of the electronic records issued by the archives, so it is often endorsed by the output of paper or signature, which is more complicated.(3) It is difficult to coordinate the management of electronic student records across institutions.With the progress of students' learning, electronic student records have the need to be transferred among different educational institutions.However, because the information systems between educational institutions are independently built, and there is no trusted environment between different educational institutions, once the electronic records are transmitted across institutions, the authenticity must be verified.Due to the lack of a trusted environment and the format of electronic student records, it is almost impossible to carry out the collaborative management of electronic student records across institutions.
In the face of the above problems, this paper proposes an electronic school record management system based on the integration and empowerment of blockchain and cloud platform.The fusion of the two can solve the current digital dilemma of electronic school records and provide an effective solution.Through the application of traditional technologies such as distributed data storage, P2P transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and smart contract, blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, immutable, traceable, multi-party maintenance, openness and transparency.However, blockchain application scenarios face a large number of problems such as weak computing power and low device storage capacity, and there are obstacles in practical application.Cloud platform can make up for this defect of blockchain.

2.literature review
Blockchain technology has its roots in the seminal article "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash System." [1]In recent years, both at home and abroad have begun to apply blockchain technology to electronic filing systems.The UK Archangel project is the world's first blockchain application project specifically aimed at the integrity management of records, ensuring the long-term availability and integrity [2] of digital records through distributed ledger technology.The goal of the document blockchain project of Sinopec is to use blockchain technology to solve the problem of authenticity assurance and trust.It analyzes in detail the link that needs to be linked in the process of document management and the specific content and fields of the link.At the same time, it realizes the certificate verification of electronic archives based on the cloud platform and provides external services [3] through BaaS.The data Antongbao system of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences is derived from the project of "Research on the construction of Trusted and secure digital file system based on blockchain".By constructing a distributed and decentralized digital file system based on blockchain, it provides database services that cannot be tamper with and can be recovered at any point in time to effectively respond to emergencies [4] .The "Balance Chain" project of Beijing Internet Court is to ensure the authenticity of electronic evidence in the form of documents such as electronic contracts, electronic invoices, electronic articles, emails, etc., to solve the problem [5] of difficult storage and evidence collection due to the easy tampering and variability of electronic records.
With the advancement of digital transformation, the environment for the formation of documents and archives has become more and more diversified, and the application research of blockchain technology has expanded to specific management of different types of documents and archives, including electronic deposit [6] , electronic medical [7] , e-government [8] , genealogical archives [9], and archival document heritage protection [10].However, there are few researches on the management of school records, and the existing researches mainly focus on the applicability and model construction.For example, Fang Lizhen studied how to apply blockchain technology to optimize the management of archives science and security, and put an end to the phenomenon and problems such as the falsification of school records and academic qualifications [11].Li Jing proposed a model of secure storage and sharing of school record files with double blockchain structure [12] .Li Qiongjie analyzed the application value of blockchain technology in the sharing of university student records files [13] .On the basis of the above research, starting from the needs of school record file management, this paper analyzes and designs the electronic school record file block chain system from the overall framework, operation process and system structure.

General framework of electronic student record file blockchain system
In order to meet the important needs of the management effectiveness, convenience and privacy of the student record management, the application of blockchain technology in the student record management system needs to solve two problems: one is the storage problem of the electronic student record files, and the other is the trust problem of the electronic student record files.The block chain system is a decentralized system.The electronic school record file system built on the basis of block chain technology involves five types of entities: educational institutions, school record users, students, key generation centers, and cloud platforms [14] , as shown in Figure 1.
The educational institution is responsible for encrypting the student status file and submitting the encrypted data with the educational institution's signature to the blockchain storage data pool; Students, as the subject of the student record file, will authorize the user of the student record file access strategy according to their own will, and submit the signed authorization letter to the blockchain data pool for processing by the consensus node.The user of the student record file mainly refers to the subject who needs to access the student record file such as the employment unit and the next stage educational institution, and the data user can browse the content of the blockchain.The key generation center generates the identification key used to sign the IBS used by the data producer (educational institution) and the data authority (student), and generates the attribute key used to decrypt the ABE used by the data consumer (user of the school record file, etc.).All student roll files are stored on the cloud platform, the data storage addresses are written into the blockchain, and access to all health records in these cloud server databases must pass through the blockchain, which keeps track of all query logs such as selection, insertion and deletion.

Design of the operation process of the electronic student record file block chain system
The operation process of the electronic student record file blockchain system is as follows: 0: The Key generation Center runs the key generation algorithm to generate the user's private key.
0-1: The key generation center generates the identification key used to sign the IBS used by data producers (educational institutions, students, etc.).0-2: The key generation center generates the attribute key that is used to decrypt the ABE used by the data consumer (user of the school roll file, etc.).
1: The student runs a signature algorithm on the power of attorney to state its data sharing policy (additional signature).
1-1: The student sends a signed Power of attorney to the educational institution to authorize their data sharing policy.
1-2: At the same time the student submits the authorization to the blockchain system's data pool and waits for the consensus node to collect this authorization.
2: The educational institution encrypts the student data according to the data access policy authorized by the students, runs a signature algorithm on the encrypted data to verify the authenticity of the data, and then submits the encrypted data with relevant description and signature to the blockchain data pool.
3: Consensus node extracts the matching encrypted data and authorization letter from the data pool, runs the verification algorithm, verifies the educational institution signature and the student signature, and executes a consensus protocol to select a bookkeeping node.
4: The bookkeeping node submits the encrypted data to the student record file cloud platform and obtains the data access address from the cloud.
5: The bookkeeping node then writes the description of the encrypted data and the data address to the blockchain in a specified format.
6: The user of the school record file obtains the data address according to its requirements to achieve access to the data.

7:
The data user runs the decryption algorithm and uses its private key to decrypt and encrypt the school record data.

Structural design of electronic student record file blockchain system
In order to achieve the integrity and confidentiality of the student record file data and support the sharing of confidential data, our cloud-based electronic student record file blockchain system uses the alliance blockchain.
Because the student roll file belongs to different schools that the student has experienced in the course of study, it requires the participation of multiple teaching institutions in the education industry, so the alliance chain is more suitable for the electronic student roll file system.Electronic school record file blockchain platform is mainly for educational institutions, data users only need to query the school record file operation, so the use of alliance chain to build electronic school record file blockchain platform has more advantages, reflected in: first, it can be modified.Once the public chain forms a block chain, because there are many nodes, once the block data is written, it is impossible to change the data.In the consortium chain, as long as the majority of the blockchain nodes reach a consensus, the block data can be modified.Second, the speed is fast.The number of nodes in the alliance chain is limited, and it is easy to reach a consensus, so the transaction speed is also relatively block.Third, the data confidentiality is high.Different from the public chain of the data disclosure, in the alliance chain, only the alliance internal institutions and its users have access to the data, the data confidentiality is high.
The architecture of the electronic student record file blockchain system is divided into 5 layers, which are data layer, network layer, consensus layer, contract layer and application layer, and the layered architecture of the blockchain, see Figure 2.
 Data layer: Use Merkle tree and chain structure to ensure that the data is not tampered with.
 Intermediate protocol layer:It includes three important mechanisms, namely consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism and smart contract.Consensus mechanism generates confirmation mechanism through blocks to ensure data synchronization of distributed ledger.This design uses the consensus mechanism of Proof of Share Authorization (DPoS), which is a new algorithm to ensure the security of cryptocurrency network.It is trying to solve the traditional proof-of-work (POW) mechanism adopted by Bitcoin.
As well as the proof-of-stake (POS) mechanisms used by Peercoin and NXT, while also implementing techno-democracy to offset the negative effects of centralization.
The incentive mechanism is to develop a "compensation system" for accounting nodes, which mainly provides certain incentives to encourage nodes to participate in the security verification work of the blockchain.In this design, a new incentive mechanism is proposed, that is, the concept of the importance of each provider is introduced and used as the main factor in selecting the provider responsible for creating the new block Protocols.The smart contract designed in this paper mainly includes summary contract and record relationship contract, summary contract keeps the reference list of the provider, access permissions can be specified by the provider or policy, and record the time stamp of the last update.The record relational contract stores the metadata of the record, i.e. ownership and permissions, logs including reads and edits, status indicating whether a new log has been added to the blockchain, and the current importance value of the provider.


The application layer provides users with various scenario apis (application program interfaces) to customize, initiate and execute smart contracts.

Conclusion
Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, immutable, traceable, multi-party maintenance, openness and transparency, and will have great potential to improve the current pain points of school record file management, and can overcome such problems as the sharing and utilization of school record files is not smooth, one of the safety and reliability, and the difficulty of cross-institution collaborative management.This paper focuses on building the architecture and overall framework of the electronic student record file blockchain.
Future research can further involve more in-depth needs analysis and cost-benefit assessment in terms of economy, in addition to studying the coexistence of electronic student records and paper student records, as well as the acceptance of new technologies by educational institutions and students.With the penetration of new technologies in various social fields, due to the great potential of blockchain in improving the pain points of existing archives management, the application of blockchain technology in the field of archives is imperative, and will certainly improve the management level of the entire archives management industry.

Figure. 1 .
Figure.1.General framework of electronic student status file blockchain system