Newly Developed Treatments for Acute Lymphoblastic and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Cheltenham Ladies’ College, GL50 3EP, Bayshill Road, England

^* Corresponding author. Email: zttttttc6@gmail.com

Abstract

Chemotherapy has been dominating the field of cancer treatment for a long time, however, its limitations have been revealed over time. Therefore, several antigen proteins and chimeric antigen receptorT cells (CAR-T) involved in the immunotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been introduced. This paper provides details on the mechanisms, implemented investigations, and drawbacks of the immunotherapy for ALL and AML. Current studies have shown that CAR-T cell therapy can eliminate pediatric ALL relapse along with treating B cell ALL. With the appearance of CAR-T cell therapy, especially CD19-, CD20-, and CD22-directed CAR-T cells, aggressive acute lymphomas involving ALL become treatable. Studies have also shown that AML can be treated with FLT3 inhibitors and immunotherapy including monoclonal antibodies (mbA) and CD33-, CD123-directed CAR-T cells. Anti-CD33 monoclonal antibodies can combine with calicheamicin, a cytotoxic agent in DNA strand cleavage, and monotherapy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), an antibody-drug conjugate, and this combination has been proved to extend the overall survival of both newly treated patients and R/R AML patients who are unable to tolerate standard chemotherapy.