The Evolution of Transfer Theory in Second Language Acquisition: From Behaviorism to Sociocultural Perspectives

English Department, George Mason University, 22032 Fairfax, Virginia, US

^* Corresponding author: pmeng@gmu.edu

Abstract

This study explores the dynamic interaction and developmental perspectives of transfer theory (TT) in the context of second language acquisition (SLA). First proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1913, transfer theory focuses on describing how learners utilize existing knowledge or skills to acquire information or skills in new learning situations. Over time, research on transfer theory has deepened from the early behaviorist perspective of unidirectional transfer to the role of bidirectional transfer and situational factors under cognitive and sociocultural theories. This paper explores the complex dynamics of transfer theory in second language acquisition and its impact on language teaching by synthesizing the early and recent research results to provide theoretical guidance and strategic suggestions for teaching practice. By analyzing the phenomenon of language transfer among different learners in diverse contexts, the research aims to reveal the broad applicability of transfer theory and its important implications for educational strategy development. The findings will provide educators and researchers with deeper insights to optimize language teaching methods.