Non-State Actors’ Role in Boosting Indonesian Footwear Industry Diplomacy

¹ Department of International Relation, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
² Department of Communication Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: dyah.lupitasari@upnyk.ac.id

Abstract

Commercial diplomacy is essential in international relations, driving global trade, investments, and business development. Traditionally dominated by states, the post-Cold War period has emphasized the increasing importance of non-state actors, including multinational companies, NGOs, and individuals, in influencing global economic trends. This paper examines the importance of commercial diplomacy in Indonesia’s footwear industry, where exports reached US$7.42 billion in 2022 but saw a slight decline in 2023. Non-state actors are crucial in supporting Indonesia’s commercial diplomacy, yet the government often underrecognized and underutilized their contributions. Challenges like lack of coordination, differing interests, and regulatory uncertainties hinder the full potential of Indonesia’s commercial diplomacy. This research explores non-state actors’ contributions, opportunities, and challenges in Indonesia’s footwear industry. By understanding their roles, the study aims to develop strategies and policies to enhance public-private cooperation, advance the industry globally, and provide recommendations for the government to better utilize non-state actors in commercial diplomacy