The global flood of COVID-19 contact tracing apps: sailing with human rights and data protection standards against the wind of mass surveillance

Irena Nesterova

doi:10.1051/shsconf/20219201035

All issues

Volume 92 (2021)

SHS Web of Conf., 92 (2021) 01035

References

Open Access

Issue		SHS Web of Conf. Volume 92, 2021 The 20^th International Scientific Conference Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020


Article Number		01035
Number of page(s)		10
Section		Global Impact of COVID 19 on Economy and Society
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201035
Published online		13 January 2021

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Federica, L., Hallowell, N., Johnson, S., Prainsack, B., Samuel, G., Sharon, T. (2020). COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Ethical Challenges for a Social Experiment on a Global Scale. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, Early access [Google Scholar]

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[1] World Health Organisation. (2020, 13 March). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 13 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---13-march-2020 [Google Scholar]

[2] Couch, D. L., Priscilla R., Komesaroff P.A. (2020). COVID-19 — Extending Surveillance and the Panopticon. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, Early access [Google Scholar]

[3] European Commission, the European Council. (2020). Joint European Roadmap towards lifting COVID-19 containment measures. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_-_a_european_roadmap_to_lifting_coronavirus_containment_measures_0.pdf [Google Scholar]

[4] FRA. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic in the EU - Fundamental Rights Implications - Bulletin 2. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2020-coronavirus-pandemic-eu-bulletin-may_en.pdf [Google Scholar]

[5] Craglia, M., de Nigris S., Gómez-González, E., Gómez, E., Martens, B., Iglesias, M., Vespe, M., Schade, S., Micheli, M., Kotsev, A., Mitton, I., Vesnic-Alujevic, L., Pignatelli, F., Hradec, J., Nativi, S., Sanchez, I., Hamon, R., Junklewitz, H. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation: early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis. Publications Office of the European Union. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC121305/covidai_jrc_science_for_policy_report_final_20200720.pdf [Google Scholar]

[6] Kelion, L. (2020, 2 September). Coronavirus: Apple iPhones can contact-trace without Covid app. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53987928 [Google Scholar]

[7] Spadaro, A. (2020). COVID-19: Testing the Limits of Human Rights. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2), 317–325. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[8] Tamar, S. (2020). Blind-Sided by Privacy? Digital Contact Tracing, the Apple/Google API and Big Tech’s Newfound Role as Global Health Policy Makers. Ethics and Information Technology, Early acces. [Google Scholar]

[9] European Court of Human Rights. (2020). Guide on Article 8 of the Convention – Right to respect for private and family life. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/guide_art_8_eng.pdf [Google Scholar]

[10] European Court of Human Rights. (2020). Derogation in time of emergency. https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Derogation_ENG.pdf [Google Scholar]

[11] Council of Europe. (2020). Respecting democracy, rule of law and human rights in the framework of the COVID-19 sanitary crisis. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/sg-inf-2020-11-respecting-democracy-rule-of-law-and-human-rights-in-th/16809e1f40 [Google Scholar]

[12] Nijsingh, N., van Bergen, A., Wild V. (2020). Applying a Precautionary Approach to Mobile Contact Tracing for COVID-19: The Value of Reversibility. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, Early access. [Google Scholar]

[13] van Kolfschooten, H., de Ruijter, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Privacy in the European Union: A Legal Perspective on Contact Tracing. Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 478–491. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[14] Culnane, C., Leins, K. Rubinstein, B.I.P. (2020). Tracking, tracing, trust: contemplating mitigating the impact of COVID-19 through technological interventions. Medical Journal of Australia, 213(1), 6-8. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[15] E-health Network. (2020). Mobile applications to support contact tracing in the EU’s fight against COVID-19. Common EU Toolbox for Member States. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/ehealth/docs/covid-19_apps_en.pdf [Google Scholar]

[16] European Commission. (2020). Communication from the Commission. Guidance on Apps supporting the fight against COVID 19 pandemic in relation to data protection. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/5_en_act_part1_v3.pdf [Google Scholar]

[17] EDPB. (2020). Guidelines 04/2020 on the use of location data and contact tracing tools in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak. European Data Protection Board. https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/edpb/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_20200420_contact_tracing_covid_with_annex_en.pdf [Google Scholar]

[18] Council of Europe. (2020). Joint Statement on Digital Contact Tracing by Alessandra Pierucci, Chair of the Committee of Convention 108 and Jean-Philippe Walter, Data Protection Commissioner of the Council of Europe. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/covid19-joint-statement-28-april/16809e3fd7 [Google Scholar]

[19] OECD. (2020). Tracking and tracing COVID: Protecting privacy and data while using apps and biometrics. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tracking-and-tracing-covid-protecting-privacy-and-data-while-using-apps-and-biometrics/ [Google Scholar]

[20] European Commission. (2020). Mobile applications to support contact tracing in the EU’s fight against COVID-19. Progress reporting June 2020. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/ehealth/docs/mobileapps_202006progressreport_en.pdf [Google Scholar]

[21] Abeler, J., Backer, M., Buermeyer, U., Zillessen, H. (2020). COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Data Protection Can Go Together. Jmir Mhealth and Uhealth, 8(4), 1-5. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[22] Ahmed, N., Michelin, R.A., Xue, W., Ruj, S., Malaney, R., Kanhere, S.S., Seneviratne, A., Hu, W., Janicke, H., Jha, S.K. (2020). A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps. IEEE Access, 8, 134577–134601. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[23] University of Oxford. (2020, 16 April). Digital contact tracing can slow or even stop coronavirus transmission and ease us out of lockdown. https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/Article/2020-04-16-digital-contact-tracing-can-slow-or-even-stop-coronavirus-transmission-and-ease-us-out-of-lockdown [Google Scholar]

[24] Morley, J., Cowls, J., Taddeo, M., Floridi, L. (2020). Ethical Guidelines for COVID-19 Tracing Apps. Nature, 582(7810), 29–31. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[25] Federica, L., Hallowell, N., Johnson, S., Prainsack, B., Samuel, G., Sharon, T. (2020). COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Ethical Challenges for a Social Experiment on a Global Scale. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, Early access [Google Scholar]