Structural Economic Transformations in Kazakhstan: Historical Context, Contemporary Challenges, and Strategic Approaches

¹ Esil University, Astana, Kazakhstan
² Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

^* Corresponding author: shukeyev.u@esil.edu.kz

Abstract

This study analyzes the structural economic transformations in Kazakhstan, assessing key challenges, policy strategies, and their implications. The research aims to explore the evolution of Kazakhstan’s economic structure since independence, focusing on the impact of globalization, digitalization, and sustainability initiatives. The findings indicate that while early reforms facilitated macroeconomic stability and market liberalization, the economy remains highly dependent on raw material exports. Significant structural gaps persist in industrial diversification, innovation adoption, and regional economic imbalances. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to strategic economic management, incorporating technological modernization, investment in human capital, and institutional reforms. Comparative analysis with global economic trends suggests that Kazakhstan must enhance its economic resilience through diversification and integration into international value chains. The implications of this research emphasize the necessity for adaptive economic policies that foster long-term growth and competitiveness. Future studies should focus on evaluating policy effectiveness and designing frameworks that align with sustainable development goals, ensuring economic stability in the face of external shocks and market fluctuations.